Summative Assessments

Summative assessments be use by educators to assess follow out of students at the end of an instructional unit or at the end of a course. Results of summative assessments are utilize for four-fold purposes: assigning grades, promoting students, determining to which gunpoint objectives have been mastered, and more recently, evaluating the loaded point of instruction and certifying schools (milling machine, Linn & Gronlund, 2009). thither are several instruments that are effective for summative name verbally assessments: portfolios, eight-fold quality tests, and holistic make-up. In fact, the Council on College Composition and Communication raises in Writing judgement: A Position Statement (National of Teachers of English, 2006) that multiple measures of assessment should be utilize to ensure that a pastiche of skills in several(a) contexts are represented, thence reflecting a realistic billet of students ability. legion(predicate) solid grounds, including Virginia, use both holistic and multiple choice typography assessments to measure student writing achievement. Other states such as tonic York use portfolios, in particular in primary grades.

Valencia (1990) and Wiggins (1989) state that portfolio assessments have multiple benefits which involve focused student reproduction goals, opportunities for reflection, and accommodations for multiple learning styles (Supovitz, Macgowan & Slattery, 1997). Moreover, Miller and Legg (1993) state that portfolios present a picture of students progress and admit evidence of their abilities (Supovitz, Macgowan & Slattery, 1997). Portfolios usefulness extends beyond the classroom. Portfolios are often used for college admission and trade job (Miller, Linn & Gronlund, 2009). These performance-based assessments provide samples of students work and commode be taken from assignments. However, the interrater dependableness of portfolios has been questioned. The Rochester City School District, an urban district in Rochester, impudent York, made portfolios mandatory in 1987 to address...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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