Bend It Like Beckham Essay

What is the conception of the off position of your class shoot? How has the director employ scoot techniques in this part of the scene to achieve this purpose? fool away techniques atomic number 18 customd by contract directors to establish understanding of ii the characters in the pick out, as closely as the general plot. In the get Bend It Like Beckham, directed by Gurinder Chadha, the purposes of the film are introduced and naturalized by means of the spend of a wide range of film techniques. much(prenominal) purposes which are highlighted especially in the first few minutes of the film include the issue of stereotypes, the dear of an individual to succeed, dissimilaritys in ethnical beliefs and value as well as the establishment of diametrical and unique characters in which hearings are fitting to relate to. These are all highlighted through the use of techniques such as line of work, voice-over, montage, as well as many other(a) film techniques.Costumin g is an important technique used by the composer to highlight the main(prenominal) purpose of the radical of the film, which is to put one across attendance to the issue of certain stereotypes in gender roles as perceived by companionship. This is emphasised in the beginning of the film through the contrast in the costuming of the two sisters, Jesminder and pinkie Bhamra. From the costuming itself, it apprise be seen that the personality of both sisters are drastically different Pinky seems to be the stereotypical traditionalisticistic girl, hold outing stylish street wear as she goes out to shopping, while Jesminder wears track pants and sportwear.Such contrast in costuming for the two characters highlights Pinkys femininity and Jesminders inadequacy of femininity. It also further emphasise that Jesminder is very different from the common cabaret stereotype of pistillate, which in turn lead into her passion for soccer that sets her aside from her cultural and gender e xpectations. It can on that pointfore be seen that although it is only the beginning of the film, the use of costuming as a technique has established the main purpose of the film to the audience, that is bringing the tutelage of social stereotypes thrust upon females in nine today.Another key technique that is used by the director of the film to convey the main theme of the film is the use of montage and voice-over. Jesminders passion for soccer is highlighted through the use of montage at the dough of the film. This is used in the intake chronological while, in which Jesminder pretended that she was part of the overlord English soccer team, Manchester United, in which her idol David Beckham is part of. This dream sequence highlights her dreams to be a rofessional soccer player, which defies her cultural as well as societys expectations as soccer is generally deemed to be a male sport due to much of the sport being dominated by male players.Voice-over is also used in the dr eam sequence scene and like the montage technique, the voice-over dialogue also introduce and emphasises Jesminders passion for soccer. This is especially evident in the scene dialogue and there is BhamraIts a goal by Jess Bhamra as it further displays her passion and dreams to be a professional soccer player, like David Beckham. Through these two techniques of montage and voice-over, the director successfully conveys the main theme of the film to the audience, which is, Jesminder pause social barriers and stereotypes to pursue her dreams to be a professional soccer player. practice of medicine and set design in the film are also use as techniques by the composer of the film to highlight the difference in culture, as well as characters.This is especially demonstrated through the use of traditional Indian music played at the Bhamras household emphasising that they are not only religious, but still stick by their cultural beliefs from their homeland, despite being in a foreign coun try. Through the use of music, it can be easily seen that there is a significant difference in Indian culture, compared to Western culture in England. The use of set design in the film is also used as a technique to highlight the differences in personalities of the characters.This is especially seen in the character of Jesminder, where her chamber is shown to have large posters of her soccer idol David Beckham. This further emphasises how she is completely different from how society deems a female should be. Characterisation is established in the go-ahead scene of the film through the use of costuming as a film technique. This is evident during the first few minutes where the two protagonists, Jesminder and Juliette are introduced to the audience as teenagers thriving for their dream as a professional football game player, despite conflicts and disapproval from their family.In this scene, it can be seen that costuming is used by the director to further emphasise how the two girls are different from their family and the societys expectations through sporty and masculine clothes worn by both Jesminder and Juliette. Their differences show that they are stepping out from what the society and their family believe, to pursue their dream as professional soccer players, a role which is stereotypically associated with males. The contrast of costuming betwixt Jesminder andJuliette, and the rest of the female cast in the film further draws the attention towards their masculinity, as well as the traditional and stereotypical aspect of the female casts. This can be seen especially through Jesminders mother who wears traditional feminine clothes, highlighting her social background as well as her femininity. Through the use of costuming and contrast as film techniques, the director of the film clearly establish and differentiate each of the characters, particularly the protagonists, which further help the understanding of the plot for the audience later in the film.It c an be seen that through the various use of film techniques by the composer of the film, the purpose of the film is effectively established. Such purpose of the film include bringing attention to the issue of stereotypes in both culture and gender, the passion for soccer, difference in cultural values and the establishment of unique characters. These purposes are all conveyed through the use of different techniques such as costuming, set design, voice-over, contrast and montage to further create meaning in the audiences minds.It also further emphasises the main purpose for the creation of the film, which was to both entertain and to draw the attention towards current social expectations and barriers in which females primarily face, as well as how culture can still have a colossal impact on an individual, even though they are in a foreign place. Through the different use of techniques, audiences are also able to relate to the characters effectively, thus allowing the director to conv ey her purpose for creating the film.

Opening Statement for State V. John Hudson and Dale Buckner

Case 1 State v. John Hudson and Dale Buckner (Charged with rack up and attempted robbery) devout Afternoon Ladies and GentlemanTodays trial volition be on Felony capital punish custodyt and Attempted robbery. John Hudson and Dale Buckner be murderers. And the evidence of this case result show, that they acquire undoubtedly fi allowed the hatreds brought upon them and should be punished to the fullest extent of the law.In accordance to the penal Law, Murder in the first gear degree is defined With figure to make up the death of another person, he causes the death of much(prenominal) person the victim was killed while the suspect was in the course of pluckting / attempting to commit in publicity of robbery or other such felonies. 125. 27(1)(a)(vii) This is also kn aver as Felony Murder. Robbery is also defined as forcible stealing. On February 14th 2011 in a small clothing store owned and managed by Sidney and Sara leper, a very heinous crime was committed.Two avera ge looking men wearing away colour leather jackets entered the store at approximately 315 pm, later to be proven to be John Hudson and Dale Buckner. When approaching the call with a . 38 revolver in hand, the defendant demanded all of the capital from the register. As the other man stood point at the entrance to the store. Mrs. lazar let out a scream, produced from shear fear for her life. In doing so, Dale Bruckner responded chuck out her up Johnny which resulted in Mrs. leper being brutally breeze in the head, dreadfully causing death on impact.Soon after the crampfish went off, the 2 men fled the store and took off in a black Cadillac sedan. This left a deceased woman and her innocent husband at the perspective of the crime in a pool of blood. Five proceedings later Officer Reilly arrived on the scene and accessed the situation. With diligent research and a thorough investigation, the arrest of the defendants was reinforced by the owner ship of a . 38 caliber pistol, a newly registered black Cadillac pub as well as a previous miserable record from twain of the defendants. I will call the prosecutions witness Mr.Sidney Lazar to the witness stand to divulge the utter gruesome details of how his married woman was shot in cold blood, in front of his very own eyes. I will also call to evidence the prosecutions witness and innocent bystander Richard Green to the witness stand. He will economic aid us positively identify the defendants, and reinforce that the defendants did in circumstance commit the crimes charged, as he was the only eye witness that saw the defendants present the scene of the crime. These two men witnessed the crime take place and are testifying that the two defendants did in fact kill Mrs.Lazar. Investigator Sam Reilly will also be called to testify, in that he was the first investigator on the scene. Shortly after the murder, Officer Reilly went to the defendants home at 2435 Damen Street, apt 2B and forced down Mr. John Hudso ns and Dale Buckners door. While at the apartment, Officer Reilly Recovered a . 38 revolver (matching the gun from the crime scene), a black leather jacket, and a newly registered Black Cadillac Sedan which matched the description of the getaway car.Due to officer Reillys work, pertinent details of the defendants background and belongings have been brought to trial and will inspection and repair us prove that the defendants did, beyond a reasonable doubt murder, and instigate in murdering Mrs. Sara Lazar. Upon arrest, the defendants both refused to make a recital concerning the killing of Mrs. Lazar. Ladies and Gentleman, the defense John Hudson and Dale Buckner claim that they were not at the scene of the crime on the fourteenth of February at approximately 315 pm.Conveniently two months after the incident, William Barr was interviewed by Investigator Albert LaRue and swore that he saw the defendants at Sams Chicken Shack at about 315 on the day of the murder. He failed to menti on this until two months later. His affliction to be expeditious about his alibi just proves his minute companionship to the defendants. Although Mr. Barr might not have a previous criminal record, he is blinded to the lack of moral aptitude held by the defendants hither today. In addition to Mr.Barrs testimony, a Pathologist will testify and will function us better understand the cause of death, of Mrs. Lazar. As well as a ballistic expert, will attest to the fellowship of the weapon used in this murder case and will help us verify that the . 38 caliber pistol was in fact the murder weapon of this case. In the course of this trial I will demonstrate that these two defendants did in fact commit the crime of murder and attempted robbery. The lack of morality expressed by the defendants actions will assist us in concluding with a finding of fact of guilty for these two men.I expect to prove that without a doubt these two men are in fact murderers. Those who perform such crimes wi th intent to kill someone, men of distaste, and men of disgust, men who lack a conscience, and whoremaster kill an innocent woman deliberately with no remorse. Once again, these men are dangerous we must prove today that the evidence brought upon us will show in its entirety that John Hudson and Dale Buckner committed the crimes beforehand them. These two men must face ramifications and should go to jail forever. Mr. Hudsons previous opinion of aggravated assault and Mr.Buckners previous conviction of theft go hand in hand. Their previous crimes make a perfect match for the situation imminent. They will be punished and Mrs. Lazars death will not go overlooked. Ladies and gentlemen of the jury let me ask you, would you be able to sleep at night cognize that these two men are on the streets, and have the ability to commit such a crime once more? Would you feel effective having your kids walk to the ice cream store knowing that these killers could possibly be around the corner ju st waiting for their opportunity to strike again?These men must be taught a lesson now, so these streets can be kept safe for the ones we love. Definitions Robbery is forcible stealing. A person forcibly steals proportion and commits robbery when, in the course of committing a larceny, he uses or threatens the immediate use of physical force upon another person for the exercise of Preventing or overcoming resistance to the taking of the property or to the retention therefore immediately after the taking or Compelling the owner of such property or another person to deliver up the property or to engage in other conduct which aids in the commission of the larceny. Murder -A person is guilty of murder in the first degree when -With intent to cause the death of another person, he causes the death of such person or of a third person and -the victim was killed while the defendant was in the course of committing or attempting to commit and in furtherance of robbery, Homicide The deliber ate and unlawful killing of one person by another murder.

Cultural Democracy

hea thuslyish body politic Summary This is the summary of the league or debate between the cardinal speakers Mr. Jerry Sambuaga and Mr. Lee Nathanael Santoso, discussing the charge up of pagan land. The first topic that is discussed was on the idol spend a penny of nation. Mr. Jerry utter that the ideal configuration of re man is the genius that prioritize exemption, to have liberalism implemented, which will in conclusion lead to individualistism. In his sentiment liberalism should be implemented in completely(a) aspects, such as in politics and economy.The spokespersons of liberalism in politics be presidential alternative or helpingies, whereas the example of liberalism in economy is homo beings overcompensates. The liberty of speech, license to express opinions, since 1998, is the key to liberalism ( taper country). On the opposite hand, when discussing the topic on the ideal imprint of super acidwealth, Mr. Nathanael raises up the head word W hether commonwealth is cosmopolitan or loc tout ensembley? as his hapback. People straightway have human rights, the right to choose what they infer commonwealth is. He said that in Singapore the organisation activity plays a larger graphic symbol comp bed than the role of at large(p)dom of speech ( vocalisation country).Mr. jerry said that body politic is invented in the west, and the country in Ind unrivaledsia is sound little right adepty fragile, in that location ar aspects that have non n social unitytheless been fey such as courtly nine, rectitude en gistment, etc. thither is a verbalize of mat nameent that Mr. Jerry gave that Mr. Nathanael in addition agrees on, and that is mass principle is non a destination nevertheless a goal. Mr. Nathanael added that majority rule indeed is a mean or a goal, and the goal is non democracy but to make reliable that every last(predicate) wad have basic necessities (security, etc). Mr.Nathanael asked a rhetorical question, which policy- reservation dodge that base guarantee their untaught to be flexible plenty to attain policy-making grid lock? From his point of view, Singapore is the hand-to-hand angiotensin-converting enzyme that has been able to achieve this. The second topic that the moderator discussed was, Should a terra firma this big (Indonesia) use a federal arrangement or a unitary strategy? Mr. Nathanael said that our rural should adopt a tittup of the two systems. From Mr. jerrys point of view, Indonesia should use a federal system, because Indonesia is very diverse, if we force around intimacy it plunder cause damages. Mr. Nathanael debated Mr.Jerrys statement by ordaining that Singapore in any compositors case has diversity, but they k outright how to harmonized the diametric point of views, opinions, etc. He said, Minorities and other ethnimetropolis receive the right to deport somebodya, to give a voice. Mr. Jerry debated Mr. Nathanaels sta tement by saying that Singapore has an oppressive or an disdainful system, instead of having a opendom of speech. Singapore has a good system but can it last with that system? Indonesia whitethorn not yet be happy instantaneously, but with the costence of liberty, and opportunity given for masses to be able to curb, whitethorn lead Indonesia to become a authentic country. Mr. Nathanael debated Mr. Jerrys statement saying, The authoritarian system in Singapore is different comp ard to China, in Singapore the law is choke, you can have a say on criticizing the government, but you moldiness have facts to tin it. Mr. Jerrys opinion is that our country is exceed suited with having a microscopical physical body break offies, because a large number of parties slows down decision make, and does nut suit the presidential system. opus Mr. Nathanael said that democracy is not approximately political parties, part of government,it is about achieving national pastimes.He said t hat, just the parties with money that can march on (in indo), but in Singapore if you have a good deal you will be heard. Should democracy take for immunity? Mr. Jerry said that ones at large(p)dom of scene could violate approximately others freedom of expression. exemption should be controlled but not confine. republic may not be the best system, but it is still better to educate the people to participate. He added, Freedom of rights of Singapore must be developed. Mr. Nathanael commented, Singapore argon confident(p) that this is the system for them, the issue is Singapores system should be much than relevant. Singapores human rights cant be comp atomic number 18d with Indonesias priority of economic prosperity. Cultural Democracy Critical Analysis Cultural Democracy is the term for a philosophy or policy punctuate pluralism, participation, and equity within and between cultures. Which consists of a set of associate commitments such as, protecting and promoting c ultural diversity, and the right to culture for everyone in our hostelry and about the world? encouraging active participation in community cultural life? enabling people to participate in policy decisions that tinge the quality of our cultural lives and ? ssuring fair and equitable access to cultural resources and support. There ar trio basic types of democracy Direct democracy is a political system where the citizens participate in the decision- devising personally, exemplar democracy involves the endurance of government officials by the people being represented, and parliamentary democracy is a representative democracy where government is appointed by representatives as hostile to a presidential traffic pattern wherein the President is two wellspring of state and the target of government and is take by the right to voter turnoutrs.In my opinion, I think the ideal form of democracy should be the one where liberalism is highly considered, but where in that respect is a the like a balance in government involvement. Because, as the people, we know what our country needs virtually, but with the diversity that our country possess, and with the different opinions that people have, there should be a representative democracy that can represent the people and chooses the best decisions for the people and the country. Should democracy control freedom?I think that freedom is twain a positive and a negative think, if not controlled properly. People have different opinions, and if all of them have the freedom of speech, then there will be a moment where their freedom of expression will clash with others freedom of expression. That is why that freedom should likewise be controlled to a point of degree where people would still have the freedom of speech. The main reason why Indonesia has not been able to r several(prenominal)ly its amply potential is because we have weak institutions, hence weak democracy.Indonesia should learn the complexness that is democracy, the legion(predicate) aspects that is consists of such aslegal certainty, transp bency, freedom, etc. The one thing that Indonesia should be able to do to improve as a country is by knowing how to prioritize. Of course, in democracy alone there are more aspects that it consists of, and to eliminate this by knowing which to prioritize first, to the extent where all the aspects will be covered one by one. Indonesia should be invariable in following(a) or running a liberal system.Of course, there are processes that need to be done we need to fight for the freedom of the economy. The best solution is to have a modification establish on the aspiration of the people. We should be able to learn, and adopt all the good elements that each country possesses, mix them up and implement them as our take system. By Pamela Lemmuela (04320120057) FISIP/HI/2012 RESEARCH ? Democracy? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A adult feminine casts her vote in the second round of th e French presidential option of 2007 Part of the Politics seriesDemocracy History Outline radical forms * Direct * Representative Variants * Anticipatory * Consensus * Deliberative * Demarchy * Economic * Electronic * grass rootages * Illiberal * inclusive * Liberal * Non-partisan * Ochlocracy * Participatory * shank * Religious * Representative cl exact * Sociocracy * Soviet * Totalitarian * Other Politics portal * v t e Part of the Politics series Basic forms ofgovernment bureau structure * Confederal * Federal * Hegemony * Imperial * Unitary Power source Democracy * Direct * Representative * Other * Monarchy * supreme * constituent(a) * Oligarchy * Aristocracy * Meritocracy * multitude junta * Plutocracy * Stratocracy * Technocracy * Timocracy * Other * Anarchy * Authoritarianism * Autocracy * Anocracy * Despotism * tyranny * Kritarchy * Re macrocosm * Theocracy * Totalitarianism List of forms of government Politics portal * v t eDemocracy is a form of government in whic h all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that happen upon their lives. Democracy allows people to participate equallyeither drawly or done elected representativesin the proposal, development, and creation of laws. It encompasses kindly, economic and cultural conditions that modify the free and equal practice of political self-determination. The term originates from the Greek (demokratia) rule of the people,1 which was coined from demos) people and (kratos) force play in the 5th century BCE to designate the political systems then existing in Greek city-states, notably capital of Greece the term is an antonym to rule of an elite. The English word dates to the sixteenth century, from the older Middle French and Middle Latin equivalents. A elected government contrasts to forms of government where designer is either held by one, as in a monarchy, or where top executive is held by a small number of individuals, as in an oligarchy or aristocracy.Neverthele ss, these oppositions, inherited from Greek philosophy, are now ambiguous because contemporary governments have mixed representative, oligarchic, and monarchic elements. Karl Popper defined democracy in contrast to dictatorship or tyranny, thus focusing on opportunities for the people to control their leaders and to oust them without the need for a revolution. 2 several(prenominal) variants of democracy exist, but there are two basic forms, both of which concern how the whole body of citizens executes its will. One form of emocracy is direct democracy, in which citizens have direct and active participation in the decision making of the government. In most ultramodern democracies, the whole body of citizens remain the main(a) occasion but political power is manipulationd in instantly by dint of elected representatives this is inflicted representative democracy. The concept of representative democracy arose largely from ideas and institutions that developed during the European Middle Ages, the Age of Enlightenment, and the American and French diversitys. 3 Contents hide * 1 translation * 2 History * 2. ancient origins * 2. 2 Middle Ages * 2. 3 juvenile era * 3 Countries * 4 Types * 4. 1 Basic forms * 4. 2 Variants * 4. 3 Non-governmental * 5 Theory * 5. 1 Aristotle * 5. 2 Rationale * 5. 3 ensample forms * 5. 4 Practice * 5. 5 Criticism * 6 Development * 7 See overly * 8 References * 9 External links edit rendering While there is no universally accepted definition of democracy,4 comparability and freedom have both been identified as important characteristics of democracy since ancient times. 5 These article of faiths are reflected in all citizens being equal earlier the law and having equal access to legislative processes. For example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can obligate to anyone appearking to become a representative, and the freedom of its citizens is secured by legitimized rig hts and liberties which are for the most part protected by a establishment. 67 One theory holds that democracy requires three fundamental principles 1) upwardly control, i. e. overeignty residing at the lowest levels of authority, 2) political equality, and 3) social norms by which individuals and institutions exclusively consider acceptable acts that reflect the first two principles of upward control and political equality. 8 The term democracy is sometimes utilize as shorthand for liberal democracy, which is a variant of representative democracy that may include elements such as political pluralism equality before the law the right to petition elected officials for redress of grievances due process civil liberties human rights and lements of civil society outside the government. recognition postulate In the fall in States, interval of powers is ofttimes cited as a central attribute, but in other countries, such as the unite landed estate, the dominant principle is that of parliamentary reign (while maintaining judicial independence). citation needed In other cases, democracy is employ to mean direct democracy. Though the term democracy is typically used in the condition of a political state, the principles to a fault are applicable to private organizations. legal age rule is oft numbered as a characteristic of democracy. by whom? Hence, democracy allows for political minorities to be oppressed by the tyranny of the volume in the absence of legal protections of individual or group rights. An essential part of an ideal representative democracy is competitive elections that are fair both substantively9 and procedurally. 10 Further to a greater extent, freedom of political expression, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press are considered to be essential rights that allow citizens to be adequately informed and able to vote according to their own interests. 1112 It has also been suggested that a basic feature of democracy is the capacity of individuals to participate freely and fully in the life of their society. 13 With its idiom on notions of social contract and the collective will of the people, democracy can also be characterized as a form of political communism because it is defined as a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. 14 While democracy is often equated with the republican form of government, the term republic classically has encompassed both democracies and aristocracies. 1516 edit History Main word History of democracy edit Ancient origins See also Athenian democracy Cleisthenes, paternity of Athenian democracy, modern bust. The term democracy first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought in the city-state of Athens. 1718 Led by Cleisthenes, Athenians naturalised what is generally held as the first democracy in 508-507 BCE. Cleisthenes is preservered to as the father of Athenian democracy. 19 Athenian demo cracy took the form of a direct democracy, and it had two distinguishing features the haphazard selection of ordinary citizens to fill the a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal) existing government administrative and judicial offices,20 and a legislative assembly consisting of all Athenian citizens. 21 All citizens were eligible to speak and vote in the assembly, which set the laws of the city state. However, Athenian citizenship excluded women, slaves, foreigners ( metoikoi), and males under 20 years old. citation needed Of the estimated 200,000 to 400,000 inhabitants of Athens, there were between 30,000 and 60,000 citizens. citation needed The exclusion of large parts of the population from the citizen body is closely related to the ancient understanding of citizenship. In most of antiquity the benefit of citizenship was level(p) to the obligation to fight war campaigns. citation needed Athenian democracy was not just direct in the sense that decisions were made by the assembl ed people, but also directest in the sense that the people finished the assembly, boule and courts of law controlled the holy political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved everlastingly in the public business. 22 until now though the rights of the individual were not secured by the Athenian constitution in the modern sense (the ancient Greeks had no word for rights23), the Athenians enjoyed their liberties not in opposition to the government but by living in a city that was not subject to another power and by not being subjects themselves to the rule of another person. 24 Even though the Roman Republic contributed portentously to certain aspects of democracy, only a minority of Romans were citizens with votes in elections for representatives.The votes of the healthy were given more weight finished a system of gerrymandering, so most high officials, including shares of the Senate, came from a few wealthy and noble families. 25 However, many notable excep tions did occur. citation needed edit Middle Ages During the Middle Ages, there were various systems involving elections or assemblies, although often only involving a small fall of the population, the election of Gopala in Bengal region of Indian Subcontinent (within a aste system), the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (10% of population), the Althing in Iceland, the Logting in the Faeroe Islands, certain medieval Italian city-states such as Venice, the tuatha system in early medieval Ireland, the Veche in Novgorod and Pskov Republics of medieval Russia, Scandinavian Things, The States in Tirol and Switzerland and the autonomous merchant city of Sakai in the 16th century in Japan. However, participation was often restricted to a minority, and so may be better classified as oligarchy.Most regions in medieval Europe were command by clergy or feudal lords. The Kouroukan Fouga divided the Mali Empire into judgement clans (lineages) that were represented at a great assembly called the G bara. However, the charter made Mali more identical to a implicit in(p) monarchy than a democratic republic. A little closer to modern democracy were the Cossack republics of Ukraine in the 16th17th centuries Cossack Hetmanate and Zaporizhian Sich. The highest send out the Hetman was elected by the representatives from the countrys districts.Magna Carta, 1215, England The Parliament of England had its roots in the restrictions on the power of kings written into Magna Carta, which explicitly protected certain rights of the Kings subjects, whether free or shackled and implicitly supported what became English writ of habeas corpus, safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with right to appeal. The first elected parliament was De Montforts Parliament in England in 1265.However only a small minority actually had a voice Parliament was elected by only a few percent of the population, (less than 3% as late as 178026), and the power to call parliament was at the pleasure of the monarch (usually when he or she needed funds). The power of Parliament change magnitude in stages over the succeeding centuries. afterward the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the English Bill of Rights of 1689 was enacted, which codified certain rights and increased the influence of Parliament. 26 The franchise was slowly increased and Parliament gradually gained more power until the monarch became largely a figurehead. 27 As the franchise was increased, it also was made more uniform, as many so-called rotten boroughs, with a handful of voters electing a Member of Parliament, were eliminated in the Reform Act of 1832. In North America, the English Puritans who migrated from 1620 established colonies in bare-assed England whose governance was democratic and which contributed to the democratic development of the United States. 28 edit Modern era edit 18th and nineteenth centuries The first nation in modern history to adopt a democratic constitution was the short-lived Corsican Republic in 1755. This Corsican Constitution was the first based on Enlightenment principles and fifty-fifty allowed for female suffrage, something that was granted in other democracies only by the 20th century. In 1789, Revolutionary France adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and, although short-lived, the National Convention was elected by all males in 1792. 29The establishment of universal male suffrage in France in 1848 was an important milestone in the history of democracy. habitual male suffrage was definitely established in France in blemish 1848 in the wake of the French Revolution of 1848. 30 In 1848, several revolutions bust out in Europe as rulers were confronted with commonplace demands for liberal constitutions and more democratic government. 31 Although not described as a democracy by the founding fathers, the United States founders also shared a determination to root the American experiment in the principle of natural freedom and equality. 32 The United States Constitution, adopted in 1788, allowd for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties for some. In the colonial period before 1776, and for some time after, often only adult white male property owners could vote enslaved Africans, most free total darkness people and most women were not extended the franchise. On the American frontier, democracy became a way of life, with widespread social, economic and political equality. 33 However, thralldom was a social and economic institution, situationly in eleven states in the American confederation, such that a variety of organizations were established advocating the movement of black people from the United States to locations where they would enjoy greater freedom and equality. In the 1860 United States Census the slave population in the United States had grown to four-spot million,34 and in Reconstruction after the Civil struggle (late 1860s) the newly freed slaves became citize ns with (in the case of men) a nominal right to vote. plentiful enfranchisement of citizens was not secured until after the Afro-American Civil Rights Movement (19551968) gained passage by the United States Congress of the right to vote Rights Act of 1965. 3536 edit 20th and 21st centuries The number of nations 18002003 scoring 8 or higher on Polity IV scale, another widely used measure of democracy. 20th century transitions to liberal democracy have come in successive waves of democracy, variously resulting from wars, revolutions, decolonization, religious and economic circumstances.World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires resulted in the creation of new nation-states from Europe, most of them at least nominally democratic. In the 1920s democracy flourished, but the commodious Depression brought disenchantment, and most of the countries of Europe, Latin America, and Asia turned to strong-man rule or dictatorships. Fascism and dictatorships flou rished in Nazi Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal, as well as nondemocratic regimes in the Baltics, the Balkans, Brazil, Cuba, China, and Japan, among others. 37 World War II brought a definitive reversal of this write out in western Europe. The democratization of the American, British, and French sectors of occupied Germany (disputed38), Austria, Italy, and the occupied Japan served as a model for the later theory of regime change. However, most of Eastern Europe, including the Soviet sector of Germany fell into the non-democratic Soviet bloc. The war was followed by decolonization, and again most of the new independent states had nominally democratic constitutions. India emerged as the worlds largest democracy and continues to be so. 39 By 1960, the vast absolute majority of country-states were nominally democracies, although most of the worlds populations lived in nations that experienced sham elections, and other forms of subterfuge (particularly in Communist nations and the former colonies. ) A subsequent wave of democratization brought substantial gains toward true liberal democracy for many nations. Spain, Portugal (1974), and several of the military dictatorships in South America returned to noncombatant rule in the late 1970s and early 1980s (Argentina in 1983, Bolivia, Uruguay in 1984, Brazil in 1985, and Chile in the early 1990s).This was followed by nations in East and South Asia by the mid-to-late 1980s. Economic malaise in the 1980s, along with resentment of Soviet oppression, contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the associated end of the rimy War, and the democratization and liberalization of the former Eastern bloc countries. The most successful of the new democracies were those geographically and culturally closest to western Europe, and they are now members or candidate members of the European Union. both(prenominal) researchers consider that contemporary Russia is not a true democracy and instead resembles a form of dictato rship. 40 The Economists Democracy Index as published in December 2011, with greener colours representing more democratic countries and clearly authoritarian countries in dark red. The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s, most prominently in South Africa. Some recent examples of attempts of liberalization include the Indonesian Revolution of 1998, the Bulldozer Revolution in Yugoslavia, the Rose Revolution in Georgia, the orange Revolution in Ukraine, the Cedar Revolution in Lebanon, the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan, and the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia. fit in to Freedom House, in 2007 there were 123 electoral democracies (up from 40 in 1972). 41 According to World Forum on Democracy, electoral democracies now represent 120 of the 192 existing countries and constitute 58. 2 percent of the worlds population. At the same time liberal democracies i. e. countries Freedom House regards as free and respectful of basic human rights and the rule of law are 85 in number and represent 38 percent of the global population. 42 In 2010 the United Nations declared September 15 the International Day of Democracy. 43 edit Countries The following countries are categorized by the Democracy Index 2011 as Full democracy44 1. Norway? 2. Iceland? 3. Denmark? 4. Sweden? 5. New Zealand 6. Australia? 7. Switzerland? 8. Canada? 9. Finland? 10. Netherlands 11. Luxembourg ? 12. Ireland? 13. Austria? 14. Germany? 15. Malta 16. Czech Republic ? 17. Uruguay? 18. United Kingdom? 19. United States? 20. Costa Rica 21. Japan? 22. South Korea? 23. Belgium? 24. Mauritius? 25.Spain The Index assigns 53 countries to the contiguous category, Flawed democracy Argentina, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Estonia, France, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mali, India, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Namibi a, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago, Zambia44 editTypes See also List of types of democracy Democracy has taken a number of forms, both in theory and practice. Some varieties of democracy provide better representation and more freedom for their citizens than others. 4546 However, if any democracy is not structured so as to prohibit the government from excluding the people from the legislative process, or any branch of government from altering the separation of powers in its own favor, then a branch of the system can pile up too much power and destroy the democracy. 474849 Worlds states colored by form of government as of 20111 Presidential republics2 Semi-presidential republics2 Parliamentary republics2 Single-party republics Parliamentary constitutional monarchies Absolute monarchies Military dictatorships Parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch personally exercises power Republics with an executive president dependent on a parliament Countries which do not fit any of the above systems This map was complied according to the Wikipedia list of countries by system of government. See there for sources. 2Several states constitutionally deemed to be multiparty republics are broadly described by outsiders as authoritarian states. This map presents only the de jure form of government, and not the de facto degree of democracy. The following kinds of democracy are not exclusive of one another many specify details of aspects that are independent of one another and can co-exist in a whizz system. edit Basic forms edit DirectMain obligate Direct democracy Direct democracy is a political system where the citizens participate in the decision-making personally, contrary to trusting on intermediaries or representatives. The supporters of direct democracy argue that democracy is more than me rely a procedural issue. A direct democracy gives the voting population the power to Landsgemeinde of the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden, example for direct democracy in Switzerland 1. Change constitutional laws, 2. Put forth initiatives, referendums and suggestions for laws, 3.Give binding orders to electoral officials, such as revoking them before the end of their elected term, or initiating a lawsuit for breaking a campaign promise. Of the three measures mentioned, most operate in developed democracies today. This is part of a gradual shift towards direct democracies. Elements of direct democracy exist on a local level in many countries, though these systems often coexist with representative assemblies. Usually, this includes equal (and more or less direct) participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law. 14 editRepresentative Main article Representative democracy Representative democracy involves the selection of government officials by the peopl e being represented. If the head of state is also democratically elected then it is called a democratic republic. 50 The most common mechanisms involve election of the candidate with a majority or a plurality of the votes. Representatives may be elected or become diplomatic representatives by a particular district (or constituency), or represent the entire electorate through relative systems, with some using a combination of the two.Some representative democracies also mix elements of direct democracy, such as referendums. A characteristic of representative democracy is that while the representatives are elected by the people to act in the peoples interest, they retain the freedom to exercise their own judgment as how best to do so. edit Parliamentary Main article Parliamentary system Parliamentary democracy is a representative democracy where government is appointed by representatives as opposed to a presidential rule wherein the President is both head of state and the head of go vernment and is elected by the voters.Under a parliamentary democracy, government is exercised by military mission to an executive ministry and subject to ongoing review, checks and balances by the legislative parliament elected by the people. 5152535455 Parliamentary systems have the right to dismiss a height Minister at any point in time that they feel he or she is not doing their play to the expectations of the law-makers. This is done through a Vote of No Confidence where the legislature decides whether or not to remove the Prime Minister from office by a majority support for his or her dismissal. 56 In some countries, the Prime Minister can also call an election whenever he or she so chooses, and typically the Prime Minister will hold an election when he or she knows that they are in good favor with the public as to get re-elected. In other parliamentary democracies extra elections are virtually never held, a minority government being favored until the next ordinary electi ons. edit Presidential Main article Presidential system Presidential Democracy is a system where the public elects the president through free and fair elections.The president serves as both the head of state and head of government controlling most of the executive powers. The president serves for a specific term and cannot exceed that amount of time. Elections typically have a fixed date and arent easily changed. The president has direct control over the cabinet, the members of which are specifically appointed by the president himself. 56 The president cannot be easily removed from office by the legislature, but he or she cannot remove members of the legislative branch any more easily.This provides some measure of separation of powers. In consequence however, the president and the legislature may end up in the control of separate parties, allowing one to hold on the other and thereby interfere with the orderly operation of the state. This may be the reason why presidential democrac y is not very common outside the Americas. 56 A semi-presidential system is a system of democracy in which the government includes both a prime minister and a president. The particular powers held by the prime minister and president vary by country. 56 edit original Main article Constitutional democracy A constitutional democracy is a representative democracy in which the ability of the elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the rule of law, and usually moderated by a constitution that emphasizes the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals, and which places constraints on the leaders and on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised against the rights of minorities (see civil liberties).In a constitutional democracy, it is possible for some large-scale decisions to emerge from the many individual decisions that citizens are free to make. In other words, citizens can vote with their feet or vote with their dollars, res ulting in significant informal government-by-the-masses that exercises many powers associated with formal government elsewhere. edit Hybrid Some modern democracies that are predominately representative in nature also heavily rely upon forms of political work on that are directly democratic.These democracies, which combine elements of representative democracy and direct democracy, are termed hybrid democracies57 or semi-direct democracies. Examples include Switzerland and some U. S. states, where keep going use is made of referendums and initiatives. Although managed by a representative legislative body, Switzerland allows for initiatives and referendums at both the local and federal levels. In the past 120 years less than 250 initiatives have been put to referendum.The populace has been conservative, approving only about 10% of the initiatives put before them in addition, they have often opted for a version of the initiative rewritten by government. citation needed In the United S tates, no mechanisms of direct democracy exists at the federal level, but over half(a) of the states and many localities provide for citizen-sponsored ballot initiatives (also called ballot measures, ballot questions or propositions), and the vast majority of states allow for referendums.Examples include the extensive use of referendums in the US state of California, which is a state that has more than 20 million voters. 58 In New England Town meetings are often used, curiously in rural field of honors, to manage local government. This earns a hybrid form of government, with a local direct democracy and a state government which is representative. For example, most Vermont towns hold one-year town meetings in March in which town officers are elected, budgets for the town and schools are voted on, and citizens have an opportunity to speak and by heard on political matters. 59 edit Variants edit Republic Main article Republicanism In contemporary usage, the term democracy refers t o a government chosen by the people, whether it is direct or representative. 60 The term republic has many different meanings, but today often refers to a representative democracy with an elected head of state, such as a president, serving for a limited term, in contrast to states with a hereditary monarch as a head of state, even if these states also are representative democracies with an elected or appointed head of government such as a prime minister. 61 The Founding Fathers of the United States seldom praised and often criticized democracy, which in their time tended to specifically mean direct democracy, often without the protection of a Constitution enshrining basic rights James Madison argued, especially in The Federalist No. 10, that what distinguished a democracy from a republic was that the former became weaker as it got larger and suffered more violently from the effects of faction, whereas a republic could get stronger as it got larger and combats faction by its very str ucture.What was critical to American values, John Adams insisted,62 was that the government be bound by fixed laws, which the people have a voice in making, and a right to defend. As Benjamin Franklin was exiting after writing the U. S. constitution, a char asked him Well, Doctor, what have we gota republic or a monarchy? . He replied A republicif you can keep it. 63 Queen Elizabeth II, a constitutional monarch. edit Constitutional monarchy Main article constitutional monarchyInitially after the American and French revolutions, the question was open whether a democracy, in order to restrain unchecked majority rule, should have an elite upper chamber, the members perhaps appointed meritorious experts or having animation tenures, or should have a constitutional monarch with limited but real powers. Some countries (as Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Scandinavian countries, Thailand, Japan and Bhutan) turned powerful monarchs into constitutional monarchs with limited or, often gra dually, merely symbolic roles.Often the monarchy was abolished along with the drear system (as in France, China, Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Greece and Egypt). Many nations had elite upper houses of legislatures which often had lifetime tenure, but eventually these lost power (as in Britain) or else became elective and remained powerful (as in the United States). edit Socialist Socialist thought has several different views on democracy. Social democracy, democratic socialism, and the dictatorship of the proletariat (usually exercised through Soviet democracy) are some examples.Many democratic socialists and social democrats believe in a form of participatory democracy and workplace democracy combine with a representative democracy. Within Marxist orthodoxy there is a aggressiveness to what is commonly called liberal democracy, which they simply refer to as parliamentary democracy because of its often centralized nature. Because of their desire to eliminate the polit ical elitism they see in capitalism, Marxists, Leninists and Trotskyists believe in direct democracy implemented through a system of communes (which are sometimes called soviets).This system ultimately manifests itself as council democracy and begins with workplace democracy. (See Democracy in Marxism) Democracy cannot consist but of elections that are nearly always fictitious and managed by rich landowners and nonrecreational politicians. Che Guevara,Speech, Uruguay, 196164 edit Anarchist Anarchists are split in this domain, depending on whether they believe that a majority-rule is tyrannic or not. The only form of democracy considered acceptable to many anarchists is direct democracy.Pierre-Joseph Proudhon argued that the only acceptable form of direct democracy is one in which it is recognized that majority decisions are not binding on the minority, even when unanimous. 65 However, anarcho-communist Murray Bookchin criticized individualist anarchists for opposing democracy,66 a nd says majority rule is consistent with anarchism. 67 Some anarcho-communists oppose the majoritarian nature of direct democracy, feeling that it can impede individual liberty and opt in favour of a non-majoritarian form of consensus democracy, similar to Proudhons position on direct democracy. 68 Henry David Thoreau, who did not self-identify as an anarchist but argued for a better government69 and is cited as an inspiration by some anarchists, argued that people should not be in the position of ruling others or being ruled when there is no consent. edit Demarchy Main article Demarchy Sometimes called democracy without elections, demarchy uses sortition to choose decision makers via a random process. The intention is that those chosen will be representative of the opinions and interests of the people at large, and be more fair and impartial than an elected official.The technique was in widespread use in Athenian Democracy and is still used in modern jury selection. edit Consensus Main article Consensus democracy Consensus democracy requires varying degrees of consensus rather than just a mere democratic majority. It typically attempts to protect minority rights from domination by majority rule. edit Supranational able majority voting is designed by the Treaty of Rome to be the principal method of reaching decisions in the European Council of Ministers. This system allocates votes to member states in part according to their population, but heavily weighted in favour of the smaller states.This might be seen as a form of representative democracy, but representatives to the Council might be appointed rather than directly elected. Some might consider the individuals being democratically represented to be states rather than people, as with many others. European Parliament members are democratically directly elected on the basis of universal suffrage, may be seen as an example of a supranational democratic institution. edit Non-governmental Aside from the public s phere, similar democratic principles and mechanisms of voting and representation have been used to govern other kinds of communities and organizations.Many non-governmental organizations decide policy and leadership by voting. Most switch unions and cooperatives are governed by democratic elections. Corporations are controlled by shareholders on the principle of one share, one vote. edit Theory A marble statue of Aristotle. edit Aristotle Aristotle contrasted rule by the many (democracy/polity), with rule by the few (oligarchy/aristocracy), and with rule by a single person (tyranny or today autocracy/monarchy). He also thought that there was a good and a bad variant of each system (he considered democracy to be the degenerate counterpart to polity). 7071 For Aristotle the underlying principle of democracy is freedom, since only in a democracy the citizens can have a share in freedom. In essence, he argues that this is what every democracy should make its aim. There are two main as pects of freedom being ruled and ruling in turn, since everyone is equal according to number, not merit, and to be able to live as one pleases. But one factor of liberty is to govern and be governed in turn for the commonplace principle of justice is to have equality according to number, not worth, .And one is for a man to live as he likes for they say that this is the execute of liberty, inasmuch as to live not as one likes is the life of a man that is a slave. Aristotle,Politics 1317b (Book 6, Part II) edit Rationale Among modern political theorists, there are three contending conceptions of the fundamental rationale for democracy mass democracy, deliberative democracy, and radical democracy. 72 edit Aggregative The theory of aggregative democracy claims that the aim of the democratic processes is to solicit citizens preferences and aggregate them together to determine what social policies society should adopt.Therefore, proponents of this view hold that democratic participatio n should primarily focus on voting, where the policy with the most votes gets implemented. Different variants of aggregative democracy exist. Under minimalism, democracy is a system of government in which citizens give teams of political leaders the right to rule in periodic elections. According to this minimalist conception, citizens cannot and should not rule because, for example, on most issues, most of the time, they have no clear views or their views are not well-founded.Joseph Schumpeter articulated this view most splendidly in his book Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 73 Contemporary proponents of minimalism include William H. Riker, Adam Przeworski, Richard Posner. According to the theory of direct democracy, on the other hand, citizens should vote directly, not through their representatives, on legislative proposals. Proponents of direct democracy offer varied reasons to support this view. Political activity can be valuable in itself, it socializes and educates citize ns, and popular participation can check powerful elites.Most importantly, citizens do not really rule themselves unless they directly decide laws and policies. Governments will tend to produce laws and policies that are close to the views of the median voter with half to his left and the other half to his right. This is not actually a desirable outcome as it represents the action of self-interested and somewhat unaccountable political elites competing for votes. Anthony Downs suggests that ideological political parties are needed to act as a mediating broker between individual and governments.Downs put out this view in his 1957 book An Economic Theory of Democracy. 74 Robert A. cajan pea argues that the fundamental democratic principle is that, when it comes to binding collective decisions, each person in a political community is entitled to have his/her interests be given equal consideration (not necessarily that all people are equally satisfied by the collective decision). He us es the term polyarchy to refer to societies in which there exists a certain set of institutions and procedures which are sensed as leading to such democracy.First and foremost among these institutions is the regular occurrence of free and open elections which are used to select representatives who then manage all or most of the public policy of the society. However, these polyarchic procedures may not create a full democracy if, for example, poverty prevents political participation. 75 Somewho? see a paradox with the wealthy having more influence and therefore argue for reforms like campaign finance reform. Somewho? may see it as a problem that only voters decide policy, as opposed to a majority rule of the entire population.This can be used as an argument for making political participation mandatory, like compulsory voting or for making it more patient (non-compulsory) by simply refusing power to the government until the full majority feels inclined to speak their minds. edit D eliberative Deliberative democracy is based on the notion that democracy is government by reckoning. Unlike aggregative democracy, deliberative democracy holds that, for a democratic decision to be legitimate, it must be preceded by authentic deliberation, not merely the aggregration of preferences that occurs in voting.Authentic deliberation is deliberation among decision-makers that is free from distortions of unequal political power, such as power a decision-maker obtained through economic wealth or the support of interest groups. 767778 If the decision-makers cannot reach consensus after authentically deliberating on a proposal, then they vote on the proposal using a form of majority rule. edit Radical Radical democracy is based on the idea that there are hierarchical and oppressive power relations that exist in society.Democracys role is to make visible and challenge those relations by allowing for difference, dissent and antagonisms in decision making processes. edit Ideal fo rms edit Inclusive Main article Inclusive Democracy Inclusive democracy is a political theory and political project that aims for direct democracy in all fields of social life political democracy in the form of face-to-face assemblies which are confederated, economic democracy in a stateless, moneyless and marketless economy, democracy in the social realm, i. . self-management in places of work and education, and ecological democracy which aims to reintegrate society and nature. The theoretical project of inclusive democracy emerged from the work of political philosopher Takis Fotopoulos in Towards An Inclusive Democracy and was further developed in the journal Democracy & Nature and its successor The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy. The basic unit of decision making in an inclusive democracy is the demotic assembly, i. e. he assembly of demos, the citizen body in a given geographical area which may encompass a town and the surrounding villages, or even neighbourhoods o f large cities. An inclusive democracy today can only take the form of a confederal democracy that is based on a lucre of administrative councils whose members or delegates are elected from popular face-to-face democratic assemblies in the various demoi. Thus, their role is purely administrative and practical, not one of policy-making like that of representatives in representative democracy.The citizen body is advised by experts but it is the citizen body which functions as the ultimate decision-taker . Authority can be delegated to a segment of the citizen body to carry out specific duties, for example to serve as members of popular courts, or of regional and confederal councils. Such delegation is made, in principle, by lot, on a rotation basis, and is always recallable by the citizen body. Delegates to regional and confederal bodies should have specific mandates. edit

Overpopulation in the Philippines Essay

It has been a politic both(prenominal)y perceive issue that on that point is all oer realness in the Philippines. This issue has been always blamed for the aggravating poverty situation. iodine side is guideing that unbridled tribe increase is set so much strain on the monetary and food resources of the country that much than(prenominal) and more Filipinos argon no monthlong eating three squ atomic number 18 meals a day. Economic rating ar stationment is also stating a poor Filipino family is earning dependable below $1 per day. This certainly backside hardly feed a family of 4 or more.On the new(prenominal) side, it is claimed that the ca af circus of poverty is political sympathies featherbedion. They rightfully claim that while its true that the poor be constantly increase, and that the income go against amongst them and the next stinting level is the likewise widening, financial resources that atomic number 18 in beed to support the poor atomic number 18 cosmos pocketed by corrupt government officials. universe is not the cause of poverty, corruption is, the Catholic perform claims.The government is keen on crafting remedies to trammel world. Several justices give up been passed to curb corruption. unless since they lack heavy punitive measures, they became hardly effective. Corruption has already potgraded the countrys economic standing that adversely affected our capacitance to borrow money from credit or financial institutions, particularly the international Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank.So the government resorted to drafting a observance that drew the ire of the conservative and the Catholic Church. Foremost is the productive wellness tear, which was authored by Senator Pia Cayetano and Congressman Edcel Lagman. The measuringet underwent rough coast on the legislative seas.The President is mickle to sign the efflorescence into law before 2012 ends.DISCUSSION OF THE ISSUEReproductive wellness, or sexua l health/hygiene, addresses the fruitful processes, functions and system at all stages of disembodied spirit. Reproductive health, thitherfore, implies that tribe are able to make up a responsible, satisfying and proficientr sex life and that they boast the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. One interpretation of this implies that men and women ought to be informed of and to suck admission fee to unspoiled, effective, cheap and acceptable methods of support constraint also access to appropriate health care services of sexual, generative medicine and implementation of health raising programs to stress the importance of women to go safely by pregnancy and tiddlerbearing could earmark couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant. On the otherwise hand individuals do face inequalities in generative health services. Inequalities interpolate based on socioeconomic status, education level, age, ethnicity, relig ion, and resources available in their environment. It is possible for example, that low income individuals lack the resources for appropriate health services and the write outledge to k at present what is appropriate for maintaining fruitful health.As a personal opinion, reproductive health is also the ability of a couple a man and a woman to reproduce and raise children. It is a genetic process of increasing the number of the earths inhabitants which continuously work for their own maintenance or provide for their basic needs to survive food, shelter, etc. scarcely the disproportionate increase of population vis--vis resources, the consequentially widening disparity in the midst of these two elements is putting strains on both the natural and financial resources. lore has reducen remedies to increase food production and sustain natural resources. Sustainable culture is employed.thither are successes in several countries, especially in bounteous countries. But other cou ntries, particularly the third world, where governments arebeleaguered by nuisance value and corruption have hardly proceedsn off. The Philippines, for example, continue to lag shtup in suppuration and food production out-of-pocket to this problem. Over population, as the government and credit or financial institutions claim, is frankincense blamed as the cause of underdevelopment and poverty. Credit or financial institutions which provide contributes to poor countries for development on that pointfore advise poor countries to curb population or their resources shall be depleted and their ability to borrow money from them regulated or limited.In this light, third world or poor countries like the Philippines had to craft laws that they imagine could solve the problem of over population.Thus enters the reproductive health law, other government policies intended to curb over population in the pipeline.The trustworthy Parenthood and Reproductive health Act of 2012 ( body polit ic Act No. 10354), informally known as the RH Law, is a legislation in the Republic of the Philippines guaranteeing universal access to methods on contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternalistic care. date on that point is general agreement close to its provisions on maternal and child health, there is great make do on its key programme that the Philippine government and the private sector will fund and undertake widespread distribution of family preparedness devices such as condoms, birth control pills (BCPs) and IUDs, as the government continues to disseminate information on their use through all health care centers.On October 2012, a revised variation of the legislation was re-named the Responsible Parenthood Act and was filed in the House of Representatives as a result of re-introducing the crown under a different conception after overwhelming op rank in the country, especially from the Catholic Bishops assembly of the Philippines. The law is highly divisive and controversial, with experts, academics, religious institutions, and major political figures reenforcement and contend it, often criticizing the government and each other in the process. Debates and rallies proposing and opposing the crowns, with tens of thousands of op go under particularly those endorsed by the bishops of the Roman Catholic Church and conf employ other conservative groups, havebeen happening nationwide. It has polarized the Filipino nation.PRESENTATION OF cream VIEWSDiffering opinions have emerged from various sectors and divided the people into the pros and cons or those against and for the RH Law.The Catholic Church, whose doctrine of pro-life as understood from the bible, is firmly against the Reproductive Health notice and position is absolute and uncompromising, said an official of the Catholic Bishops crowd of the Philippines (CBCP). at that place is no way that the Church will soften its position against the controversial bill. I t allegedly opposes the bill because of its anti-life provisions, or the contraceptive program it engenders. The Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines (CEAP) also joined the Catholic Churchs voice in opposing the bill. These groups propose that the best form of birth regulation is self-discipline. Instead of allotting P2 billion from taxpayers money for the purchase of contraceptives, CEAP has urged lawmakers to use the money for education, livelihood and basic public services.The same position is divided up by other groups and several(prenominal) conservative religious denominations which value life right at conception or the union of the womans egg cell and the mans sperm cell.These cons reason that over population is not the problem, or that there is no over population. The purported over population stems from the fact that the government has failed to developed provinces or areas beyond the metropolitans areas. metropolitan Manila and its suburban cities are boomi ng while remote provinces are but relying on primitive farming and minimally supported livelihood. In search of the needed fund to support livelihood in their spot province, nigh people thus migrate to the cities to find work.Government has allocated some fund to sustain agriculture livelihood. Unfortunately, this is not sufficient to effect pregnant progress on farming system. Moreover, corrupt officials tasked to administer the fundtend to pocket some of the funds. Faming infrastructures funded by local taxes and foreign donations are limited, thus unable to lift the struggling country-style economy.The poor farmers have already been subservient to private lenders and banks. And their produce has only become fodder for loan sharks, who lend these farmers virtually everything they need including their food. In effect, they could hardly recover, to whom their produce would simply go as payment for their debts.To the pro-RH Bill, they claim that the reproductive health bill woul d include greater access to modern contraceptives and sex education. It allegedly proposes more maternal health services, raising the number of midwives to one for every cl deliveries. Contraceptives would also be funded for poor women and would be included in the shopworn supplies of medicine in hospitals. Modern family planning methods would be provided in all accredited health facilities. The bill, allegedly, will provide adequate funding to the population program. It is a departure from the present setup in which the provision for reproductive health services is devolved to local government units, and consequently, subjected to the varying strategies of local government executives and suffers from a dearth of funding. It will advertise information on and access to both natural and modern family planning methods, which are medically safe and legally permissible.It assures an enabling environment where women and couples have the freedom of informed plectrum on the mode of fami ly planning they want to adopt based on their needs, personal convictions and religious beliefs. It does not have any bias for or against either natural or modern family planning. It will also promote sustainable human development. Taken as a basis for the pros stand, the UN verbalize in 2002 that family planning and reproductive health are substantial to decrease poverty. The UNICEF also asserts that family planning could bring more benefits to more people at less cost than any other single technology now available to the human race. According to this group, coverage of RH are the interest (1) Information and access to natural and modern family planning (2) Maternal, infant and child health and nutrition (3) Promotion of breast feeding (4) stripe of abortion and lie withment of post-abortion complications (5) Adolescent and youth health (6) Prevention and management of reproductive tract infections, HIV/AIDS and STDs (7) Elimination of violence against women (8) Counseling on sexuality and sexual and reproductive health (9) Treatment of breast and reproductive tract cancers (10) Male involvement and participation in RH (11) Prevention and treatment of infertility and (12) RH education for the youth.The principal author of the RH Bill, Congressman Edcel Lagman of Albay, claims that the bill is not anti-life, totally discrediting the cons stand, but allegedly a pro-quality life. Allegedly, it will ensure that children will be blessings for their parents since their births are planned and wanted. Additionally, he give tongue to that the bill will empower couples with the information and opportunity to plan and space their children. This will not only streng whence the family as a unit but also optimize care for children who will have more opportunities to be educated, healthy and productive. The Congressman further stated that the bill does not interfere with family life, but will enhance family life The family is more than a natural nucleus it is a socia l institution whose surety and development are impressed with public interest. It is not untouchable by legislation.For this reason, the State has enacted the Civil Code on family relations, the Family Code, and the Child and Youth well-being Code. Further according to the Congressman, the bill does not permit abortion It expressly provides that abortion remains a crime and prevention of abortion is essential to fully implement. (To this, the Catholic Church countered that the Reproductive Health Bill as a precursor will eventually pave the way for more anti-life policies, like legalization of abortion and divorce, which are already in the pipeline). He used comparative reports or information to bolster his position.He stated that it is not true all countries where contraceptive use is promoted eventually legalise abortion. Many Catholic countries criminalize abortion even as they vigorously promote contraceptive use like Mexico, Panama, Guatemala, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Domin ican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Paraguay and Ireland. The Islamic and Buddhist countries of Indonesia and Laos also promote contraceptive use yet preclude abortion. According to studies, correct and regular use of contraceptives reduces abortion rates by as much as 85 percent and negates the need to legalizeabortion.Furthermore, contraceptives, allegedly, do not have life-threatening side effects. Medical and scientific evidence shows that all the possible medical risks connected with contraceptives are incessantly lower than the risks of an actual pregnancy and everyday activities. The author also claims that the bill simply recognizes the verifiable link amid a huge population and poverty. Unbridled population harvest stunts socioeconomic development and aggravates poverty. The connection between population and development is well-documented and empirically established.However, in countries where population control is prevalent, there is now eviden ce that they are wanting of more able and junior workforce. Japan for instance is having problem with its ageing workforce to sustain its preeminent economic standing. The country has practiced population control in suppose to farm huge surplus of resources and production which they sell or clientele abroad to infuse large income to its export-oriented economy. Sadly, the country is now experiencing workforce shortage. Population control has become detrimental to their economic progress.On the other hand, China, the worlds most populous nation, is now enjoying economic boom due to a huge supply of human resource. The country is able to provide cheap labor to industrial countries around the world with huge economic benefit. This could prove that over population is not completely the cause of poverty.Considering some demographic profiles, some provinces are more populated than others on a person per area basis. There is just disproportionate distribution of inhabitants. tube Ma nila is over populated due to unregulated influx of rural people in search of menial or professional work. realise pay is the difference. While Metro Manila is offering wages which respect with lawful rates, provincial wages are lesser. The amenities are like conspicuous everywhere in Metro Manila than anywhere in Luzon.Worldly things are just hard to resist that numerous people are flocking to Metro Manila.The same thing happens in metropolitan cities of the Visayas and Mindanao. Consequently, farms are somewhat abandoned for the sake of seeking financial gains from working in factor outies or offices. This exodus of farm workers leaving the farm could somehow create a vacuum in the farms. Food production thus construed as a sign of poverty.There appears to be three major points of billet from which to approach the controversial reproductive health bill, namely legal, moral, and scientific. This is so since, the proposed legislative measure once enacted into law will affect so ciety. In short, there are many stakeholders by differing institutional concerns. It then becomes difficult to set up a tripod to hold the issue that has carried so much weight.There are those who think, once legislated, the proposed Reproductive Health will in fact set the stage for other anti-life laws or so-called D.E.A.T.H. bills (acronym for death, euthanasia, abortion, two-child policy, and homosexuality). The problem that has been viciously overlook in our legislative mill is the fact that legislators themselves violate the rule that a bill should have only one subject matter.Up until today, there is a serious opposition to a reproductive health bill in whatever form or substance it comes simply because there are such groups or organizations that are against it. For instance, the CBCP is against it and for that matter other similar Catholic sub-groups. True enough, from the time it was first filed in the past Congresses, the bill already experienced a string of failures t o be passed into law owe to provisions that are questionable legally, morally, and scientifically. It can be said that again, this proposed HB 812 may go through another rough sailing unless it can be railroaded in Congress and Senate.One theory stands in excuse force of the bill which claims it is necessary in order to curb population evolution which is now pegged at 86 million Filipinos as well as for the sake of limited resources such as rice. But the myth of this Malthusian fear has already been settled long ago and it does not any longer hold water. Why a zero population growth as that which was amatter of policy in the whole of the United States and europium? If we consider the earnings being remitted into our country from OFWs as the single factor that buoys up our fledging if pale economy, then we should have no reason to conclude against this bill. That zero population policy practiced by countries in the beginning Bloc now reached the irreversible scenario of a grayi ng population that depletes their respective economies in heavy state subsidies.The National Academy of Science and Technology supports reproductive health bill. The Catholic Church or the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines does not. There are pro-life advocates versus pro-choice advocates. This multitude says it involves no abortion, another camp says otherwise. This group claims contraceptives to be abortifacient, another such group claims it is not so. in spite of appearance the legal community, a wedge divides their sentiments as to whether it is against the Divine Law to allow any room of choice toward abortion or to some intent euthanasia. Cases of abortion do sometimes involve life-boat ethics that Catch 22 of having to choose which person to save the unborn babe or the mother. There are issues at every loop, claims at every turn, and cries in every direction the bill takes for or against.Moralists, legalists, scientists follow their own lines of thinking th at are parallel unto one another no lines intersect. There is where the problem lies. Is it then possible to weave from various strands or threads a fair tapestry of the proposed bill? Has it become time to curb population growth or corruption?CONCLUSIONWhether it is called reproductive health, or responsible parenthood, the debate is a polarizing one. The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines came out with a pastoral letter, on the issue of the Reproductive Health/Responsible Parenthood Bill. Their words, alleging they come from the mould well of morality. It is why when you read, or listen to the pastoral letter, or the position of the Church they think that contraceptives are immoral, or are abominations. There is nothingwrong with that position, and it is a perfectly valid one from a certain point of view. On the other end of the spectrum, the proponents of the Reproductive Health Bill say, yes we should. What the proposed legislation is closely it asks the governme nt to explain to men and women, regardless whether they are married, single or of age, about their human bodies. They teach about a full range of methods natural family planning, artificial contraceptions, from Condoms to IUDs to the Pill and the morning after pill and everything else in between. Now, all this isnt new.Growing up and studying in a Catholic school, these were things taught to us. And at the end of the day, it is about fashioning an informed close on whats important to us. Biologically? Men have their urges. Women have their needs. Science tells us that the human race has been around for about 150,000 years. We wouldnt be here if humans didnt have those instincts. What the bill proposes to do is to put everything in the forefront. To make informing people mandatory, and to put the choice front and center and readily available for every Filipino, regardless of age, or social status. This chasm is just one of many philosophical differences that make it insufferable f or both the Pro Reproductive Health and the Anti Reproductive health proponents from ever seeing eye to eye.What of President Aquino?The President during the campaign was explicit. He does not fully support the reproductive health bill in the form that it was during the campaign. He was explicit that he believed that the reproductive health bill should be renamed, responsible parenthood bill. The Presidents position, based on his Platform when he ran for public office could be summed up as 1. He is against abortion2. He recognizes that there is a population flare-up 3. He is in favor of giving couples the right to choose to manage their families 4. He believes in cases where the couple is too poor, or is in no position to make an informed decision that the state moldiness take responsibility. 5. He wants all options to be equally presented. That means including Natural Family planning up to modern family methods. 6. He believesthat Parents should play a key usance in ensuring ever y child they bring into the world will have the opportunity to lead good lives. The Aquino position is a logical and fair one. Parents should really play a role in their familys future. large everyone an informed choice, and letting them decide on what to do, instead of ramming the choice down their throat is the logical thing to do. The proposed legislation then has basically met many of those requirements. So, is this still the Aquino position on the issue?If not, what has changed?Rumor has it that Aquino isnt so hot on the RH Bill. The President of course looks at the precedence legislation and sees what he can pass that does the biggest benefit. Did the President see that putting the Reproductive Health Bill or Responsible Parenthood bill on the agenda would prevent other, equally important legislation sidetracked? This is my dashing hopes with the Aquino Administration. Just come out and say so, and be honest about the whys on the matter. This is why many of those who support ed the Administration are advance out to say, this isnt the change we signed up for. They are so disillusioned with the state of things. In an issue as charged and as polarizing as Reproductive Health or Responsible Parenthood bill or however legislators want to call it, there is a dewy-eyed way to break the impasse.The President uses all the power of discernment he has. The President simply decides. The RH Bill is about responsibility. It is about making an informed decision, and it appears not just for Filipinos, but for the President as well. But responsibility is not just for the economic well-being of a person but for his/her spiritual well-being too. When we talk about morals, we also must think about our personal responsibility to our own souls, and faithfulness to the church, being the body of Christ. By following or not following what the church teaches is an expression of personal liberty from the visits of anyone. However, by following the church, the ultimate dictate for human salvation is paramount. After all, just as Christ Himself used to say in the Gospel, Thy faith has saved you, we shall be saved from our steadfastness to our faith.PUNCHLINESSafe and satisfying sexDelivered by Sen. Pia Cayetano in her defense of the Reproductive Health Bill, which she authored with Sen. Miriam Defensor capital of Chile, which she means to say women should have the right to safe and satisfying sex. This phrase was moved by Sen. Vicente Sotto to be removed from the bill. RH bill is being gift wrapped to look like a gift for maternal health care (even if) it will lead to greater crimes against women. Catholic Bishops Conference Of The Philippines (CBCP)Show me the same lawReaction of Sen. Miriam Defensor Santiago to Sen. Vicente Sottos statement that the Reproductive Health Bill is redundant Is there gender discrimination in Philippine society?Debate between RH bill sponsor Sen. Pia Cayetano and Senate President Juan paramour EnrileOur biggest export is OF Ws (Overseas Filipino Workers). That is export. Thats why Im against RH. Senate President Juan Ponce Enriles statement in his opposition to the RH Bill ache after we are gone, we will leave behind not just a law but a whole mentality and a whole culture Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle warned of the bills effect on Filipino Culture and the youth.

BlackHawk War And Seminole War

both monumental wars began because of these disagreements, the Black peddle War and the Second Seminole War. With these deuce wars the Tribal Indians classical fought on the grand where they didnt feel it was right they as the land owners would be kicked off their entirely land because the governing body wanted it for their own use. The Second Seminole War was kick in by an Indian named Solaces (Hatch, 2012). Solaces was the son of a white man and Indian women.Solaces father would beat his mother in front of him often until angiotensin-converting enzyme day she chose to run (Chance, 2003). Solaces was captured one time after running which gave him a greater hatred for the ones he called The White Man (Chance, 2003). In 1819 Spain had glowering Florida into the Unites States and the Native Ameri lots that had fled south Were Once again caught in U. S territory who they knew would try to relocate them away from their home. Solaces was a part of one of the communitys, the Sem inole folks that was going to have to sustain towards the multiple sclerosis.Solaces did not want him or his pot to have to move, so when there was a meeting that was going to be held most of the other tribes signed their treaties agreeing to move their tribes out of Florida, but the Seminole tribe refused to move, Solaces stated as he stood up at the meeting with a knife in his hand This is the only treaty I willing earn with the whites (Hatch, 2012). From that point on it was a war between the government and the Seminole. For years the Generals could not take over the Seminole Tribe.The tribe was strong analogous their leader Solaces and the tribe knew the area well to know how to take vantage of anyone coming to hurt them or their people (Hatch, 2012). The Seminole Tribe fought umteen modest wars and never befogged until their leader got very sick with malaria and became very fatigued (Hatch, 2012). Solaces had two leaders under him which guided and ran the troops, but the tribe dep curiosityed on Solaces strength and when he got weak so did all of his Indian Army.Towards the end of the war a General Hernandez was allowed to come to the Seminole camp, the Seminole hung its white flag at half mass as its flag of truce, but since the Seminole had such a stubbornness to them when it came to the Generals and their Army, General Hernandez had his men silently surround the camp and when precondition the sign they took it over and the invincible Solaces was captured and imprisoned (Hatch, 2012). A year by and by Solaces died and when he died about only 100 Seminole were remaining in Florida (Hatch, 2012).The vingt-et-un War also happened during the sasss. Black Hawk himself as one of the Auk Indians. Two chiefs had agreed to a treaty that the Auk Indians would leave the land east of the Mississippi and let the government have it. Back Hawk and other Auk Indians did not believe these chiefs had the right to give this land away (Wisconsin, 2014). A em pennage century later settlers began to start taking over the land with no respect for any treaties at the time and the Auk Indians thought it was futile to stand the overwhelming white forces (Wisconsin, 2014).Black Hawk decided to lead 1,200 Auks in the rely of reoccupying their home and land (keep in mind Black Hawk didnt back(prenominal) the treaty was real and thought it was fraudulent because of who had did the signing) and if anything bad Was to happen the British would come to his aid (which they did not) (Wisconsin, 2014). In 1832 for 16 weeks Black Hawk and his following had plans. The warriors would fight and the non- combatants would try to find ways across the Mississippi River to safety.Many died from hunger, thirst, exhaustion, and were buried on the trail (Wisconsin, 2014). Troops were able to attacks when the Auks Indians reached the banks of the Mississippi near the verbalise of the Bad Axe River Wisconsin, 2014). In the end Black Hawk left his followers to surr ender and only 150 Indians survived out of the 1,200 that began with Black Hawk. The two tribes didnt want to just give up land they believed was there, but who can blame them.Imagine if someone came into your home and said they were going to take it and you had to move with your family. These two tribes suffered a great deal and the families all suffered with so many dead. There is one large difference between the two wars though. all(prenominal) tribe had one main leader Solaces and Black Hawk. Solaces did retreat as did Black Hawk, but Black Hawk just ended up giving up on his followers completely where Solaces didnt. Solaces tried to at long last work with the military and come up with a treaty for his followers.Solaces didnt just give up and walk away from his followers in hopes they make it. Regardless of all the history, all the Indian tribes were treated unfairly and were evermore bullied by the government to due whatever the government thought was outperform (which was always best for the government, not everyone involved). The Tribes did fight and did try to stand their run aground and hold onto their land. In the end the tribes just werent strong or big enough to fight off he militias and troops involved against them and lost both battles.

Michelle Morano’s “Grammar Lessons: The Subjunctive Mood” Essay

The essay Grammar Lessons The Subjunctive Mood by Michele Morano is a work that parallels the Spanish language and life. In the story, Michele reveals a little virtually herself as a character in the essay. She offers the lecturer a coup doeil into an extravagant daydream into the locales of exotic Spain in which she hopes to one day chew to escape her maintain whom had recently tried to kill himself. Throughout her fantastical tale, she encounters many unusual characters and proceeds to compare aspects of the Spanish language such as cla pulmonary tuberculosiss like, si and como si (Morano 111), and verbs of doubt and emotion (114) to the complexities of life.As I first began reading the essay, I was puzzled that Morano chose to speak in the support tense as it is a rarified form of writing, especially for a non-persuasive essay. While she was using her own experiences to get out the reader with an imaginary world, she wrote as though she hoped her audience would find them selves in her shoes. I also appoint it difficult to understand Moranos style of writing beca utilise of her choice to use the future tense. I was able-bodied to grasp the concept that this extravagant jeopardise had non occurred yet, but I plant it difficult to insert myself in her whimsical, romantic production. Once I began reading the essay and analyzing it, however, I took a liking to her what-if style of writing. It suited the topic matter in truth well. Morano was able to equate the Spanish language with life beautifully with her writing style and extensive use of imagery.While I enjoyed the style of writing rattling practically, the essay itself left me tentative on weather or not I enjoyed the piece as a whole. I am very familiar with the Spanish language, but I believe Morano could have excellent each educational segment a little further. As ludicrous as it was to brush up on high school Spanish, I set the presentation of the content in the text itself very confu sing. I am uncertain that I would have enjoyed the piece as much had I not taken Spanish in earlier years of schooling. I also found it distracting how Morano would switch from her grammar lessons to her fantasy life in Spain so abruptly.Beginning to read the piece, I was unsure of whether or not Morano had actually lived these experiences she was writing about, or if they were a thoughtful delusion of the future. For example, plot reading about Moranos encounter with the swimmer (110), Ifound myself being pulled into the reverie of this romance in Spain and suddenly I would be brought back to this lackluster high school Spanish class. And while Morano did provide the reader with a comparison from the language to the event itself, the change seemed so abrupt that it left me displeased.I also could have gone without the leap back and forth between Moranos life with her depressed save and her musing of a life in Spain. While I do believe that her history with her husband was pivot al to the back story, I found the bouncing between her Spanish daydream and her real life experiences with her husband very distracting. I consider it would have suited the essay demote had Morano simply used that as an introduction and left it at that. single feature of the essay that I enjoyed, although, was the fact that Morano took something as lifeless as the Spanish language and seemed to enliven it to the reader. I find it very rare that an author is able to put life into something as cold as grammatical concepts, especially in a different language. Morano, through her experiences in Spain, was able to provide the reader with a looking glass into a world where language isnt yet language and grammar isnt just grammar but theyre part of being alive. She is able to convey to the reader that while details such as how to express emotion in Spanish would seem tedious any other point, experiences such as sleeping with a stranger in Spain unexpectedly brings out these grammatical elements of human nature such as doubt and excitement (115).As a whole, I did enjoy the essay. I found Moranos use of descriptions and interactions between characters very intriguing. I was able to sympathize with Morano as a character through her internal struggle of leaving the man that she had been with for a long while for a fresh start in Spain.Morano, Michele. The surmount American Essays. Grammar Lessons the Subjunctive Mood. Ed. Lauren Slater. Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. 107-121.Grammar Lessons The Subjunctive Mood

Exploring the greek mythology through the ‘Odyssey’

Literary narratives such as the Grecian and the Roman apologueologies have played a great snap off on the development of societies around the world. Especially in the context of westerly civilization, the mythologies of the Greeks and the Romans significantly shaped the culture of this region. Aside from its culture, it also highly influenced its companionship in general. In fact, politics and religion are also explained in the light of the Greek and Roman mythologies.In this paper, it lead explore on the Greek mythology through the myth on the Odyssey. More specifically, it will emphasise on its main character by the name of Odysseus or Ulysses. by dint of this character, this paper will be able to explain the role of myth on the changing cultural make-up of Greece. In particular, this myth will serve as an instrument in identifying the way Greeks perceive and hold mythologies. Finally, this paper will also drink the different key points of the myth.The Odyssey is an gran d of Homer about the adventures of Odysseus. Specifically, this myth is considered as the sequel to the earliest healthy-known(a) surviving work in Western literature which is the Iliad. In affinity to many sequels in the present era, the Odyssey is considered to be distinct because of its originality and until now stands as an independent work. (Napierkowski, 1998a)It has been said that its main character, Odysseus, has been a celebrated hero in the Greek mythology. Being the central character in the Odyssey, he is outflank known for is adventures during his ten-year move root word after the Trojan War. His journey to home on Ithaca took ten years because of the anger of the sea god Poseidon. During his journey and adventures, the hero went to many wondrous and dangerous places. Along the way, he unconnected all his companions and the treasure he had gotten from Troy Arriving home at oddment after an absence of 20 years, Odysseus had to defeat rivals trying to take self-d enial of his wife and his kingdom. Then he had to prove his identity to his wife, Penelope. (Wickersham, 2000)The adventures of Odysseus are highlighted by his achievement of victory in different challenges or struggles. Among this is the encounter with the Ciconians, the Lotus-eaters, Polyphemus, Aeolus, the Laestrygonians, Circe, move around to the underworld, the sirens, Scylla and Charybdis, the cattle of Helios as well as the Calypso and the Phaecians. More importantly, i can also add the difficulties he acquired upon his arrival in Ithaca due to the suitors of his wife, Penelope. Eventually, all of these trials were conquered by Odysseus. Therefore, he was dubbed as a hero. Moreover, the qualities he manifested during his trials were considered as the qualities of a real or true hero.Undoubtedly, the voyages and troubles encountered by Odysseus highlights the concept of heroism, loyalty, creativeness and order. In addition, the Odyssey is also famous for its use of symbol ism as well as for the pace and variety of its action. With this, both the Iliad and the Odyssey set the standard by which epic poetry, if not all poetry of any kind, was judged in the prehistoric 1,500 years. More importantly, the tommyrot on the wanderings of Odysseus has remained a perennial favorite to the present day. (Napierkowski, 1998a)Basically, the appeal of the Odyssey is derived from its temperament as being able to present the Greek people as well as the way of life in ancient Greek nightclub. In short, the story serves as an archetype to various societies and not just the Greek community. Particularly, the characters of Penelope and Odysseus serve as a role model to the multitude. Their way of life has been the idealized life of the many. Until today, the lesson of the story has continuously been resonated to the people of any culture or ethnic group.Furthermore, the theme of human condition is the most important theme in the Odyssey. In the story, almost every a spect of humanity is depicted- good, bad, young, old, individuals and groups, the living and even the dead. Other themes also include love and loyalty, order and disorder, heroic craftiness, the nature of women, triumph over temptation, home, the epic journey, the Gods involvement, revenge, heroism and, creativity, desire and deception. (Napierkowski, 1998b)Indeed, the story of Odysseus made a great impact on the society of the Greek people. In fact, even in the present day, the story on the adventures of this great hero is still related to many people around the world. In the contemporary society, people have created a modern variance of the Odyssey through the aid of media technology. This is evident on the animated version of this story in order to cater the needs of the children or the young generation.REFERENCESBurns, M. (1996, whitethorn 1). The wanderings of the Odysseus The story of The Odyssey. The Horn Book Magazine. 72 (3).Napierkowski, Marie Rose. (Ed). (1998). Odyssey Introduction. Epics for students. Vol.1. Detroit Gale.(1998). Odyssey Themes. Epics for Students. Vol. 1. Detroit Gale,Wickersham, John M. (Ed). (2000). Odysseus. Myths and Legends of the World. Macmillan Thomson Gale.