Downward and Upward Communication Essay Example

Downward and Upward Communication Essay It is passing information to the subordinate. It increases efficiency by synchronizing organizational procedures and can ensure that all are working towards the same goal. Downward Communication is the means by which goals are transmitted and influence is exerted on employees. It flow’s from the top level management to low level management through the middle level management. Example: When your boss shares information with you, it’s downward communication, because your boss, as your supervisor, is communicating with you as an employee. Types of Downward communication includes: * Job description * Appraisals or evaluation * Organizational policy * Organizational system Downward Communication helps in performing following managerial functions: * Directing * Motivating * Controlling * Co-ordinating Barriers in Downward Communication: * Often one-way * Mistrust * Status anxiety * Difference in values and perception. Upward communication : It originates from lower level of employment hierarchy. This communication focus that everybody is capable of generating thoughts and ideas resulting into organizational progress. It increases motivation and make employees feel valued. It is the flow of communication which originates from low level management to high level management through middle level management. Upward Communication is the means by which managers collect from employees the data needed to make sound decisions. Example: when you give your supervisor feedback about a new system or patron, it’s upward communication. Types of upward communication includes : * Suggestion schemes * Feedback forum or survey * Grievance Procedure * Employees Manager discussion. Upward Communication helps in performing following managerial functions: * Reporting * Decision making Barriers in Upward Communication: * Delay in decision making * Loss of information * Fear of misinterpretation * Communicating only the positive results. We will write a custom essay sample on Downward and Upward Communication specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Downward and Upward Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Downward and Upward Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free ACT Practice Tests Massive Collection of Online Sources

Free ACT Practice Tests Massive Collection of Online Sources SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When you’re trying to prepare for the ACT, the last thing you want to worry about is finding ACT practice tests. To help make the process a little less stressful for you, we’ve compiled this huge list of sources for free ACT practice tests and questions. Not all practice tests are created equal, though. For each test source, I’ll talk about how you can best use the practice material to best prepare for the ACT. Why Do You Need ACT Practice Tests? You, of course, understand that in order to prep for the ACT, you need practice material. Ultimately, though, you may need more practice tests (and more supplementary materials) than you’d expect. Let’s talk about the three key reasons why you’ll need an arsenal of tests and questions to go into the ACT 100% prepared. Real Practice One of the most stressful parts of taking any standardized test is sitting through potentially uncomfortable testing conditions. You have to stay focused and alert for several hours with few breaks, and you have to jump from section to section without breaking your stride. Taking officialACT practice tests under realistic testing conditions helps prepare you for test day. This means sitting through an entire test in one go while carefully timing how long you spend on each section For this type of preparation, you should really only use official ACT tests. Content Practice This component of ACT prep is about building your knowledge of all the content that’s actually tested on the exam. If you’re working on specific subject prep, you’ll need materials that test (and teach) understanding of subject-specific content. Official ACT practice questions are the ideal for this sort of practice, but they’re limited in number and should really be saved for â€Å"realistic† practice and/or strategy prep. Unofficial or supplementary materials can prepare you well when it comes to brushing up on content, even if they’re not in strict, official ACT format. Strategy Prep ACT questions follow a very particular set of rules when it comes to style and logic. Although unofficial practice tests try to recreate this with their practice questions, it’s rare to find an unofficial source that does a good job. Official practice tests are important when it comes to familiarizing yourself with strategy required to do well on the â€Å"real† ACT. The more comfortable you are with the various types of ACT questions, the more efficient and the more confident you’ll be on the actual test. Where to Find Official ACT Tests Now that you know why (and how) ACT practice materials are important, let’s talk about where you can find the gold standard of ACT prep material: official ACT tests. In this section, you’ll find both recent and older ACT tests. You should focus on the most current ACT recent for your practice although older tests will definitely be helpful if you need extra material. The good news is that the format of the ACT hasn’t changed that much over the past few decades, so older exams will still give you a good idea of what to expect on test day. I'm not kidding when I say that official practice materials are the gold standard in ACT prep. Free Official Tests These free ACT practice tests are great for officialpractice - those study sessions where you sit down under realistic testing conditions and finish an entire exam. I’d recommend using one as a diagnostic test towards the beginning of your study plan. Be careful not to use these up all at once - these are the only free official tests available. The newest official ACT(2015-2016) is the only one that reflects the test's most recent changes: paired reading passages and a new essay. Other than these updates, however, the ACT's overall content and format has remained pretty consistent. ACT Practice Test and Answers (2015-2016) – form number 72C ACT Practice Test and Answers (2014-2015) – form number 67C ACT Practice Test and Answers (20-2012) – form number 64E ACT Practice Test and Answers (2008-2009) – form number 61C ACT Practice Test and Answers (2005-2006) – form number 59F Free Official Practice Questions The ACT also publishes official practice questions (separate from the official practice tests) on its website. These questions are great for working on strategy and content prep. 75 ACT English questions 60 ACT Math questions 48 ACT Reading questions 40 ACT Science questions 1 ACT Writing prompt ACT Question of the Day Other Official Practice Materials There are other official ACT materials available for purchase: The Real ACT Prep Guidecontains five full official practice tests, which amounts to about 20 hours of study material. This book is awesome for strategy prep and officialpractice, but it will not be much help at all if you need to review test content. It costs about$15 on Amazon. The ACT Online Programcontains two full practice tests or about eight hours of study material. The â€Å"prep† that comes with the program isn’t particularly useful, though, so we advise you to skip that and just use the full tests. It costs about $40 on the ACT website. Where to Find (and How to Use) Unofficial ACTs As you may have noticed, there aren’t unlimited official ACT tests available for practice. If you’re planning on studying for 50+ hours, you’ll need to find supplementary sources. There are so many unofficial sources for ACT tests and practice questions, but these really vary in quality - you don’t want to use just any practice questions you find online without vetting them first. To help you find reliable sources for supplementary materials, I’ve compiled a list of resources here. There may be many other good sources out there, but this should get you off on the right track. Free Online Practice ACTs From Test Prep Companies You should be especially careful with using free prep from test companies since the quality of the material is often questionable. That being said, some companies offer practice tests or questions that may prove to be really helpful as supplementary materials. Just be especially mindful (if you choose to work with these materials) about not treating these practice questions as you would official prep - that means not relying too much on them for strategy or real test practice. Sophia.org Sophia.org offers 2-3practicetests each for ACT math, science, reading, English, and writing. Each practice test has about 60 questions and comes with an answer key and scoring guide. You need to make an account in order to access the (free) tests, and you need to opt in to making your profile private. The site encourages you to treat the practice tests like official practice, but (as you know by now) it's best to use these materials for content review. An example of a Sophia.org practice question Prepfactory.com You can access freematerials with this siteif you make an account. There's a social media-esque functionalitywhere you can test your skills against those of other students. I'd avoid this, however, and just focus on improving your own weak skill areas - it won't be helpful to compare yourself to others while you're studying. You can access practice questions through quizzes for different themed modules. The modules' content study material is a bit disjointed and cursory, so I would skip it and just focus on working through the practice questions. An example of a Prepfactory.com practice question Ivy Global Ivy Global offers both sample ACT questions and a full (unofficial) ACT practice test on its website. You can download their full ACT practice test without making an account or providing any personal information (a big plus). Ivy Global did make a real effort to put together a test that's very similar to the official ACT. I still wouldn't encourage you Ivyglobalfor official practice, but it might come in handy if you run through all of the free official ACT materials listed earlier in this article. An example of an Ivyglobal practice question Varsity Tutors Varsity Tutors has a ton of free material - it seems like there are thousands of practice questions available - but this company isn’t particularly careful about creating questions in the style of the ACT.You should be careful about not putting too much stock in the types of questions you use from this site. Another con - you really can't work through the questions until you register for an account, and you're pressured pretty hard to pay for their tutoring services. That being said, you might find Varsity Tutors helpful if you need access to a ton of material (i.e. if you plan on studying for 50+ hours), and/or if you're a high scorer and want toanalyze official ACT vs. non ACT questions. An example of a Varsity Tutors practice question Union Test Prep Union Test Prep offers one free practice test which is administered online. Each question is presented (and graded), which is very different from what you'll encounter on the actual ACT - the format of the exam reminds me more of the GRE than any college entrance exam, to be honest. You don't have to register with Union Test Prep to access these questions. An example of a Union Test Prep practice question Albert.io Albert.iooffers hundreds of practice questions for ACT Math, ACT Science and ACT Reading. You must create an account to answer questions, but you get 100 free credits, which you can use to answer up to 100 questions. The questions are all clearly tagged, so this can be a great resource for targetingspecific skills. An example of an Albertpractice question Kaplan If you register with Kaplan, you can sign up for a free ACT practice test. They have them scheduled in advance, so this will only work if one of their ACT test times fits within your schedule. I expect these practice tests to be similar to their prep book (which I'll get to shortly) - good for an introduction to the test, especially for low scorers, but not so helpful for students who are already familiar with the exam or are already getting relatively high marks. Princeton Review Princeton Review has a system that's pretty similar to Kaplan's - you can take a free ACT online demo and test if you register with the site. Princeton Review has a reputation for writing questions that are(conceptually) easier than what you'd see on the test, so this might not be the best option for high-scoring students who are looking to push up their scores. ACT Prep Books Unofficial ACT prep books can be helpful when it comes to content review and practice. The ACT is pretty transparent about what concepts they actually test on the exam - if you have weak areas, instructional books and practice questions (even if they’re not similar to ACT questions) can help you develop a better grasp of the material. One of the downsides to ACT prep books is that they aren’t free. You may be able to find these books at your public or school library if you’d rather not purchase the materials. If you’re looking for a more exhaustive list of the most helpful ACT books, especially for books by subject, check out our guide to the best ACT prep books. Best Non-Official ACT Book:The ACT Black Book A great book for strategy, the Black Book teaches you to think about the ACT as a predictable, standardized test. It offers alternative strategies for students who may not understand all concepts in the same way. If there's a downside to this prep book, it's that you have to be pretty self-motivated and self-driven in order to useit effectively. It costs about$17 on Amazon. Best Book for High Scorers:Barron's Barron’s books are very thorough and cover a lot of content. They’re good options if your score is already high, but you’re aiming for perfect (or close to perfect). Some of the questions can be unrealistically (and unhelpfully) difficult. It costs about$12 on Amazon. Best Book for Low Scorers:Kaplan This is an all-in-one book that covers all ACT sections. It includes practice tests and answer explanations in addition to basic ACT strategies. This book is not helpful if you’re pretty motivated to study and are serious about improving your score - this is really a bare-bones book It costs about$20 on Amazon. Making a Plan: How to Study for the ACT If you want to make the most of all these ACT materials, you’ll want to make a plan for using them strategically. The major steps you’ll need to take to make a plan are below, although you can get more detailed info if you check out our guide on how long you need to study for the ACT. These materials will be most helpful if you come up with a road map for using them before diving in. Get a Baseline: Start With a Diagnostic ACT Test Take one of the recent, official ACT tests to get a baseline score. Unofficial diagnostic tests won’t help you understand where you’d need to improve on the actual ACT. Checking out target schools (and their correlating target ACT scores) will give you a goal score range to aim for. Practice Strategy and Review Content With Supplementary Materials If you’re weak in strategy skills or content knowledge, you should primarily use unofficial supplementary materials to study and improve in those areas. You can use these practice questions to drill skills or test knowledge without worrying about wasting official prep material. Once you’ve spent some time learning new skills and content, you may want to really test your performance with the official ACT practice questions (not the full tests). Use Official ACTs As Full-Length Practice Tests You can always find more unofficial prep material, but there’s a limited number of official ACT practice tests. Use these official resources as full-length practice tests under real testing conditions. You shouldn’t stop there, though. Get everything you can out of those tests by carefully analyzing your answers and mistakes, so you know which skills and content areas you should focus on next. Remember to save one or two official tests for the end of your study program so you can familiarize yourself with a full-length exam before you take the actual ACT. What's Next? Now that you have a ton of material to work with, you might want to start thinking about putting together a (more detailed) study plan and ACT strategy. First, figure out how long you should plan on studying for the ACT. Next, determine what your own ACT score goal should be - what's a good score? A bad score? An excellentscore? If you don't have too much time to study but still want to prepare as best you can, download those official ACT tests and check out our guide to a 20 hour prep program. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Film review Psycho Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film Psycho - Movie Review Example The film has brilliance in the editing. It will take the power of the power of the viewers’ imaginations to fill in the blanks of the film. The film’s black and white photography is a perfect one for its mood and tone. The characters of the film contribute to the plot development through scene-to-scene margin. Marion Crane (Janet Leigh) steals money to help out her boyfriend Sam Loomis (John Gavin) from her employers. He flees and takes refuge at a rarely hosting motel where we meet owner Norman Bates (Anthony Perkins) who live s with his mother. It is through this that we learn of his supposed sexual interest in Marion. There are events of Norman peeping through a hole as she undresses and an anonymous figure stabbing her to death. Sam is contracted of Marion’s sister Lila (Vera Miles) of Marion’s death. It is through their investigation that we meet Arbogast. He is also slashed to death. As the events stream by, we learn of more characters such as Mrs Bate and Norman’s tricks. Forensic psychiatrist Dr Fred Richmond gets us informed of Norman’s fractured psyche. The films actions that entail the killing scenes are chilling depicted in a detached manner, not very scary and easy to predict. The film has various chilling and memorable performances. The strident, discordant music by Bernard Herrmann has been used in several other movies to denote the appearance of a â€Å"psycho†. As mentioned earlier, the film has brilliance in editing. If we go frame by frame through the film, we will note how much the film has left to the imagination. We can see a knife, blood (chocolate syrup), water, and naked woman’s body (parts strategically concealed from camera). We should notice that only a small penetration of the knife into the flesh is shown. The horror of the murder is only hinted at the on-scene. The movie not surprisingly generated a wave of shower phobia

Internet Retailing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Internet Retailing - Essay Example In particular, its ability to provide information, facilitate two-way communication with customers, collect market research data, promote goods and services and ultimately to support the online ordering of merchandise, provides an extremely rich and flexible new retail channel (Doherty and Ellis-Chadwick, 2003). Indeed, online shopping is now estimated to be the fastest growing area of internet usage (Forsythe and Shi, 2003). Given the internet's potential to radically re-configure the underlying processes of retailing, and because of the highly dynamic and innovative nature of the electronic marketplace, there has been an explosion of academic interest in the application of this new electronic phenomenon, in the retail context. It is not, perhaps, surprising that from such a highly dynamic organizational phenomenon, an equally dynamic body of literature should emerge. Moreover, because the commercial exploitation of the internet has technical, logistical, commercial, strategic, behavioral, social and legal implications, the emergent body of literature is both extremely large and highly diverse. ... A small number of researchers have already risen to the challenge of reviewing the internet literature, and three reviews, in particular (Reynolds, 2000, Ngai, 2003) have been influential in shaping this study. However, all three have their limitations. Reynold (2000) and Ngai (2003) have both addressed the related field of internet marketing, but have chosen not to adopt an explicit retail focus, whilst the Reynold's (2000) review, which does have an internet retailing focus, is now rather dated. Consequently, the primary aim of this paper is to present a review and critique of the internet retailing literature, which seeks to highlight key themes, emerging patterns and perhaps most importantly gaps that are still to be filled. Given the growing recognition that the internet has the potential (Porter, 2001) to significantly affect an organization's strategic positioning, we were particularly interested to explore the extent to which strategic issues have been explicitly tackled in t he internet retailing literature. Al-Hadaayah Bookstores Al-Hidaayah is predominantly a books retailer, with interests in books retailing as well as publishing. Its principal business is the retail sale of "trade books" (generally hardcover and paperback consumer titles, excluding educational textbooks and religious titles), mass market paperbacks (such as mystery, romance, science fiction and other popular fiction), children's books, bargain books and magazines. Al-Hidaayah is the pioneer and still the leading operator of book superstores in the UK. Its flagship store on central London has been widely recognised as the most authoritative bookstore in the country, and perhaps, the world. Al-Hidaayah has a private label strategy,

Critique of King's theory of the goal of attainment Research Paper

Critique of King's theory of the goal of attainment - Research Paper Example This extensive work in the nursing field contributed greatly in the theory because of her experience in the nursing field research (King, 2007). The Theory of Goal Attainment describes the relationship between people working together to attain a certain goal. In this case, a patient and a nurse, communicate when working together, to achieve a goal, the patient’s health. The theory looks at interpersonal systems, personal systems and social systems, how human beings use these aspects in their daily life while trying to attain their goals. The theory uses concepts to show how each system works. The concepts are defined in both theoretical and operational terms describing the systems and their application. The concepts for personal system are; growth and development, body image, space, time, self, and perception. The concepts for interpersonal system are; transaction, role, interaction, communication and stress. The social system concepts are; Authority, power, organization and status and decision making (King, 1991). The theory enlists the explicit and implicit assumptions underlying it: the nursing focus, its goal, the goal of nurses, nursing process, plan, implementing and evaluating nursing care. Nurses and patients communicate, set goals mutually, and then work to attain those goals. In life situation, people interact, perceive and enter into situations and in the process, each participant is changed (King, 2007). The theory also describes the four Metaparadigm concepts of nursing, which are: a human being, health, environment and nursing. The theory reflect clarity of thought process in that a human being is rational, perceive, think, feel, choose, set goals, select means to achieve goals and make decisions. The theory explains the logical congruence of the internal structure of the theory by showing how the systems come together and the attainment of goals. The theory does not give an indication that help predict or control

Role of Femininity in Film

Role of Femininity in Film Throughout this essay I will be examining the role of femininity in Hollywood film and world cinema in particular Bollywood, I will also asses female stereotypes within film and how they differ throughout the years especially from the 1930’s such as films like ‘Gone With the Wind’ to the 1980’s with films such as ‘Terminator’. In addition I will demonstrate that there are also different racial stereotypes of women in film and the femininity of black women in film differs from white women. In order to understand and examine this topic it is beneficial to review the current research on how women are analysed through film we must look at the male gaze which is a concept used for analysing visual culture. One of the leading theories attributed to gender stereotypes within film is the ‘male gaze’. â€Å"The male gaze is a term coined by feminist film theorist Laura Mulvey. Mulvey’s theory the male gaze was influenced by Sigmund Freud.† (Cook, 2008) Freud was a psychologist that developed theory â€Å"that humans have an unconscious in which sexual and aggressive impulses are in perpetual conflict for supremacy with the defences against them†. (BBC, 2014) According to Mulvey the â€Å"male gaze is both voyeuristic and fetishistic. Her concept illustrated that women were merely shown on screen in classic Hollywood† (Cook, 2008) ( classic Hollywood is a style of Hollywood film between 1910 and 1960’s) in order to supply men with visual pleasure. Mulvey explored how the psychoanalytic concepts of narcissism and voyeurism can be used to explain how visual pleasure is generated. Narcissism means a love of self (Soanes and Stevenson, 2003) and voyeurism is a visual pleasure that arises from looking at others in a sexualised way (Benshoff and Griffin, 2004). Mulvey argues that there are two types of visual pleasure. â€Å"In most Hollywood films the narcissistic pleasure of identification usually involves identifying with the male characters, the ones who are active and aggressive. On the other hand, the voyeuristic pleasures created by cinema primarily involve looking at the female characters on screen.† (Benshoff and Griffin, 2004) â€Å"Thus, classical Hollywood cinema targets a majority of its films at a supposed male hetro-sexual audience member, making individuals outside this group adjust to a male point of view that is ‘the male gaze’.† (Cook, 2008) Claire Johnston, was also a feminist film theoretician like Mulvey. Johnston is known for her research on the construction of ideology in mainstream cinema. In her scholarly works, she also discusses the male gaze. She agreed with Mulvey that the camera sees women as an extension of a male vision; she also assessed stereotypes within Hollywood film using a semiotic analysis. Her semiotic point of view was based on Roland Barthe’s notion of myth, Barthe’s notion of myth meant, that dominate ideologies become naturalised that means the most dominant cultural, historical values and beliefs are made to seem normal and common-sense. (Barthe’s, 2013) Johnston â€Å"investigated the ‘myth’ of women in classic cinema. The sign ‘woman’ can be analysed as a code or convention. It represents the ideological meaning that ‘woman’ has for men. In relation to herself she means nothing.† (Cook, 2008) John Berger a prominent art criti c assessed Laura Mulvey’s theory of the male gaze in his book, ‘Ways of Seeing’ (1972). He states that ‘men act andwomenappear’. Berger agreed with Mulvey that because the viewer was mostly male the appearance of women in film was intended to attract a male’s attention. However criticisms against Mulvey’s theory the male gaze, have been that of film theorist E. Ann Kaplan who theories were based around feminist film ideology. In Kaplan book ‘Women in film (1983) she asked Is the gaze male?† Both Kaplan as well as film theorist Kaja Silverman† argued that â€Å"the man was not always in control and the woman is not always passive† (Chandler 2000). Feminist writer Teresa de Lauretis (1987) concluded the female viewer does not simply take up a male point of view, â€Å"but works always; in a double identification with the active and passive subject positions†. (Chandler 2000). Journalist Steve Neale also assessed the male gaze theory and his conclusion was that the gaze in Hollywood films is not primarily male, but primarily heterosexual. Both Neale as well as film theorist Richard Dyer concluded that the male characters within film have the capacity to be objectified as well. The man would not always be the spectator, who had rule over the gaze. (Litosseliti and Sunderland, 2002) It is important to note that within Hollywood film since the 1980s, there has been an increasing objectification of the male body in film. (Evans Gamman, 1995). For example in the film Thelma and Louise (1991) Brad Pitt’s character, who is a male, is objectified in every shot of him, this shows that the male spectator was not prioritised but the female spectator was. When analysing femininity in film it is important to discuss stereotypes of women portrayed on screen and also the social context that they live in. One of the most notable stereotypes concerning black woman and Hollywood film is the ‘Mammy’ caricature taken from the film ‘Gone with the wind’ (1939) played by Hattie McDaniel. Critical studies writer Todd Boyd (2008) states, The ‘Mammy’ stereotype is a domestic servant who is often, fat, docile, unattractive, happy- go-lucky, and loyal to the white family. In addition sociologist David Pilgrim (2000) states although sometimes she may have children she was completely desexualized. She belonged to the white master and his family plus she had no black companions. To further illustrate what Boyd (2008) has stated, the ‘Mammy’ caricature was a symbol during slavery, as ‘supposed’ proof that black women were contented, even happy, as slaves. Attributes of the ‘mammy†™ such as her broad smile, her chuckles, and devoted servitude to the white family; were presented as confirmation of the believed humanity of Trans-Atlantic slavery. The Mammy caricature can be the seen in the film Gone with the wind (1939). If we were to analyse the character Mammy in Gone with the wind, we would see that she is a faithful to the white family who she serves; to such an extreme length, that she internalised white southern values and norms. For example she encourages Scarlett O’Hara who she serves as a â€Å"house slave†, to eat before she goes to a party, or else at the party she would be eating ravenously instead of â€Å"like a bird†: which is what a young southern belle is meant to do. Mammy’s devotion for the white family is reaffirmed when she states at the birth of Scarlett’s daughter, â€Å"this is a proud day for me I’ve helped delivered three generations of baby girls for this family†. She also shows her disdain for other black people and calls them ‘no good’. However a new stereotype of black women emerged in the 1970’s. This era bore a new genre of film known as ‘blaxploitation’. Blaxploitation is an ethnic sub genre of exploitation films which were made for black audiences. With this new genre came a new stereotype the superwoman image. The superwoman image portrays black woman as the action heroines of their neighbourhoods ready to defend family and community by any means necessary. â€Å"The super woman image portrayed black woman as strong and invincible. This image sent out that black women could endure and overcome all odds.† (Boyd, 2008) Actress Pam Grier was an icon of the superwoman image. Never-the-less in Hollywood films, white women have been stereotyped differently to black women in film and their femininity was portrayed in different ways. Such as in the 1930s and 1940s many white female actresses were stereotyped into melodrama roles on screen. In melodrama films of the 30’s and 40’s the female was the main protagonist in the film. Also the plot lines in a melodramatic role often consisted of the main female character having to sacrifice her career for love, or vice versa. This typical plotline and stereotype can be seen in the film ‘Lady in the Dark’ (1944). The leading character Liza Elliot played by actress Ginger Rogers she is a powerful and unmarried fashion magazine executive, she undergoes psychoanalyse as she is having strange dreams that bother her so much that she can no longer make up her mind. She is later cured and is therefore free to stop trying to be ‘like a man’ and settle in to her rightful role as a wife and sell her business to her fiancà ©. Anthropologist blogger K. Smith Pullman (2008) stated, that typical the melodrama plot line, â€Å"showed women that if they want to both work and have love, that it was not entirely possible†. (Pullman, 2008) Moreover in the 1950’s femininity was displayed in Hollywood film in the 1950’s in a different way, â€Å"when women were shown as blatantly sexual and seductive threats, such as Lana Turner or Ava Gardner, or on the other end of the spectrum as innocent and wholesome, like Audrey Hepburn and Grace Kelly. Marilyn Monroe slightly bridged this gap, as she was often depicted as both seductive and innocent.† (Pullman, 2008) However femininity in film has not always fit into those stereotypes and from the 1980s a new type of femininity was displayed in Hollywood film this was the androgynous woman this example can be demonstrated in the character Sarah Connor in the film ‘The Terminator’ (1984) â€Å" These are supposed to be the â€Å"strong† women, showing viewers that women cannot be both strong and sexual, without posing a threat.† (Pullman, 2008) Also, notably the genres in which women are stereotyped significantly are horror films. According to Adam Rockoff (2002), â€Å"One of the most continuing images of horror films is that of the good-looking heroine screaming with fear- as the killer hastily approaches.† The heroine of the film is often dubbed the ‘final girl’. The final girl was coined by film theorist Carol Clover. Brewer (2009) states: In the beginning of the film, filmmakers habitually depict the final girl as visibly tough, resourceful, and determined. Despite the fact the she often finds her friends or relatives dead. The final girl manages to survive in the end of the film, normally following a final struggle with the killer Many scholars and feminist film critics have discussed the overt masculinity of the final girl. Carol Clover author of ‘Men, Women, and Chainsaws’ says that, â€Å"TheFinal Girl, is on reflection, a congenial double for the adolescent male. She is feminine enough to act out in a gratifying way, a way unapproved for adult males, the terms and masochistic pleasures of the underlying fantasy, but not so feminine as to disturb the structure of male competence and sexuality† (Rockoff, 2002, p. 13). â€Å"According to Weaver and Tamborini (1996), traditional gender-role stereotypes also exist throughout horror films† (Brewer, 2009). For example, the male characters are shown acting violently and are more likely to attack the killer. Nevertheless female characters are more prone to run away from the killer. â€Å"Female characters in horror films are also depicted expressing fear and panic on screen longer than the male protagonists. Modern horror films of the 1990s till present often depict male characters as jokes or helpless bystanders†. (Brewer, 2 009) When assessing femininity in film it is also important to look at world cinema. Portrayals of women in Bollywood films share a link with ideals about women in Indian society. â€Å"In traditional Indian society, the lives of women were severely restricted. Women’s roles were essentially as a daughter wife and mother.† (Gokulsing and Dissanayanke, 1998) In Bollywood films the ideal wife character must be â€Å"sexually pure and the epitome of sexually fidelity†. (Gokulsing and Dissanayanke, 1998) As Richards (1995: p.3) states, that Bollywood films upholds the â€Å"traditional patriarchal views of society consistent with the cultural norms pertaining to the status of women in Indian society.† The opposite role of the wife is the ‘vamp’, â€Å"normally a decadent modern woman, generally with a name like Rosie or Mary† (Gokulsing and Dissanayanke, 1998). Gokulsing and Dissanayanke (1998) states that the vamp normally defies tradition and strives to imitate western women. â€Å"She drinks, she smokes, visit night clubs and is quick to fall in and out of love. She is portrayed as a morally degraded person and has come to be associated with everything unwholesome about the west. And she is always punished for her unacceptable behaviour.† (Gokulsing and Dissanayanke, 1998) As Dwyer and Patel (2002) commented, In Bollywood, men are depicted in many varied roles; women are almost always depicted in traditional feminine roles. For example, in numerous Bollywood films starring Akshay Kumar and Katrina Kaif, the female star always represents â€Å"the damsel in distress†, while, the actor is continuously shown to be a â€Å"ladies man†. To conclude, femininity in film is very complex if we asses Mulvey’s point of view women in film are there only to supply men with visual pleasure this could be seen a lot through film in the 1950’s with Hollywood actresses such as Ava Gardner and Marilyn Manroe but over the years women in film have been shown in a variety of situations not just the blatant sex object such as the role of Sarah Connor in the film ‘Terminator’ which was androgynous and took on male cinematic characteristics. Also when assessing world cinema we see that the more patriarchal a society is the more women are stereotyped on screen this can be seen through Bollywood. Also throughout the horror genre in Hollywood film femininity is displayed through ‘the final girl’ which many film scholars have stated the final girl is has overtly masculine characteristics although she is aesthetically beautiful. BIBLIOGRAPHY Barthes, R., 2013. Mythologies: The Complete Edition, in a New Translation. New York: Hill Wang BBC, 2014. Sigmund Freud [Online], Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/freud_sigmund.shtml [Accessed: 30/09/2014] BENSHOFF, H. and S. GRIFFIN, 2004. America on Film: Representing Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality at the Movies. Victoria: Blackwell Publishing Berger, J. 1972.Ways of Seeing. London: Penguin Books. Boyd, T., 2008. The Mammy Image. In African Americans and Popular Culture. Connecticut: Praeger Cook, P. 2008 The Cinema Book. London: BFI Publishing Brewer, C. 2009. THE STEREOTYPIC PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN IN SLASHER FILMS: THEN VERSUS NOW [online] Available from: http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04092009-105427/unrestricted/Brewer_thesis.pdf.pdf [Accessed 11/10/2014] Chandler, D., (2000) Notes on the Gaze [online] Available from: http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze09.html [Accessed 30/09/2014] De Lauretis, T., 1987. Essays on theory, film and fiction Bloomington: Indiana University Press Dwyer, R., and Patel, D., 2002. Cinema India: The visual culture of Hindi Film, London: Reaktion Books. Evans, C., Lorraine G., 1995: The Gaze Revisited, or Reviewing Queer Viewing. In Burston, Paul Colin Richardson (Eds.): A Queer Romance: Lesbians, Gay Men and Popular Culture. London: Routledge, pp. 13-56. Gokulsing, K., M., and Dissanayanke, W., 1998. Indian Popular Cinema: A narrative of Cultural Cinema, London: Trentham Books. Johnston, C., 1991. Women’s Cinema as Counter Cinema. In: Thornham, S., (ed) 1999. Feminism Film Theory A reader. New York: New York University Press Kaplan,E., A., 1983. Women and Film: Both Sides of the Camera, New York: Methuen Publishing King, T., 2007. Does film criticism affect box office earnings? Evidence from movies released in the U.S. in 2003. Journal of Cultural Economics, 31, 171-186. Litosseliti, L. and Sunderland, J. (eds.) 2002. Gender Identity and Discourse Analysis: Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Pilgrim, D., 2000 The Mammy Caricature [online] Available from: http://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ [Accessed: 30/09/2014] Pullman, K. (2008) [online] Available from: http://ksmith-hollywoodwomen.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/stereotypical-roles-of-women-in-films.html [Accesed 30/09/2014] Richard, C., 1996. Hooray for Bollywood, Time Magazine [online] Available from: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985129,00.html?internalid=atm100 [Accessed 30/09/2014] Rockoff, A. (2002). Going to Pieces: The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film, 1978-1986. North Carolina: McFarland Company Inc. Soanes, C. and Stevenson, A., 2013. Oxford Dictionary of English, Revised Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Weaver, J.B., Tamborini, R. (1996). Horror films: Current research on audience preferences and reactions. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Free Essay on Hecabe :: Hecabe Essays

Free Essay on Hecabe Euripides' play Hecabe, produced in 425 b.c.e., begins with an introduction from the ghost of Polydorus -- Priam and Hecabe's youngest son who was sent away with treasures to stay with a family friend, Polymestor, in Thrace for safekeeping. Troy has fallen now, and when news reached Polymestor, he killed Polydorus and flung his corpse into the sea. It's due to float ashore today. Meanwhile, the ghost of Achilles has appeared to the Greeks and demanded sacrifice: Polyxena, another daughter of the former Trojan royal couple. Priam is dead. His widow has much to bear soon. Hecabe has dreamt of these two children and bad omens. A Chorus of Trojan women, now slaves of Agamemnon, reports of the demands of the dead Achilles and the recent Greek debate. A woeful Hecabe informs Polyxena but the girl seems more sorry for her mother's grief than for the loss of her own life. Odysseus arrives and Hecabe appeals to his sense of honor: she reminds him that she alone recognized him in his disguise when he sneaked into Troy once but did not rat him out. So take her, Hecabe, instead of the girl. Odysseus employs some sophistry to weasel out of such a deal. He and Polyxena exit. The Chorus speculates on where it will end up now. Thessaly? Athens? A Greek herald, Talthybius, wonders, "is all our belief in gods a myth, a lie / Foolishly cherished, while blind hazard rules the world" (77). He has the lamentable duty to inform Hecabe of Polyxena's noble death, who "even as she died, took care to fall / Becomingly, hiding what should be hidden from men's view" (79). Now Hecabe must prepare the body for funeral rites. She sends an old attendant to fetch a jar of sea-water. Polydorus' corpse is discovered, and Hecabe requests from Agamemnon the right to have vengeance against Polymestor. Agamemnon thinks that "women -- can't do anything" (89), but whatever. Polymestor is sent for and brings his two young sons. He puts on a hypocritical yet cursory display of sympathy. "The gods dispose our fortunes / This way and that in sheer confusion, so that we / May reverence them through fear of the unknown" (92).

How to Write Police Report Essay

A police report is a description of facts surrounding a crime. It is used to report who, what, when, where, why and/or how a crime took place, although some of those facts may not be known at the time it is written. The term â€Å"police report† can be used to describe a report filed by a victim or witness of a crime or the preliminary report filed by an officer investigating a crime. These reports are often passed on to other policemen or crime scene specialists, who use them as a factual basis for investigating the crime. Unlike other prose-based essays, the main focus of preliminary reports is to report the facts, rather than argue a thesis. Read more to find out how to write a police report Gather your evidence or other reports. You will need to refer to them throughout your report. If you have a lot of evidence, take time to make a physical or mental list so that you are less likely to forget important elements 1. Gather witness testimony. This will be an essential part of your report. If you are the witness to the crime, then make notes about what you saw as soon as you can after it happened. * Many studies with memory have shown that our memories of events, even important moments like crimes, change in time. They may also be swayed by speaking with other people who have witnessed the event. Increase your accuracy by writing police reports immediately after you witness events. 1. Request a police report form. If you are a policeman, there is likely to be a template available to you. If you are reporting as a victim or witness to a crime, go online or call your local police department to inquire about the correct procedure for filling and filing a police report. Writing the Report 1. 1 Fill out a form, if one is given to you. Not all police reports are written in sentence structure. You may simply be asked to fill in the appropriate boxes on a form, according to the crime, witnesses and any other data you have gathered. 2. 2 1. Write the police report on the computer, unless you are asked to write it by hand. This will make it more legible and allow you to check it for spelling, punctuation and content errors. * If you must hand write a  report, be sure to print, rather than write in cursive or italic handwriting. This will allow your report to be read more clearly by all the parties involved. 2. 3 Write a prose summary of the incident, including only the facts of the case. You may be asked to do this in addition to filling out a police report form. The summary should be in chronological order and include the following elements: * Witness reports. Witnesses will likely be asked to submit their own description of what they saw. Use this to describe any suspects or crimes that were committed. * A description of the crime scene. It is important to start out with the facts of the case, so that people are acquainted with the facts immediately, instead of drawing conclusions. You can use some descriptive words to describe the environment and the people involved. Include addresses, the crime, crime scene evidence, locations, the date and the time. * A chronological narrative. You should include how you came upon the scene, who was involved, what they said and any investigative avenues that are being taken. Instead of repeating what was said in the crime scene description or the witness reports, you can describe other times, the witnesses themselves, the crime that was committed, other officers and any other factors that could be relevant. Continue your narrative up until the present day. * Make sure your narrative contains the following things: the reason you were on the scene, observations, arrests, statements, evidence and booking. 3. 4 Proof your report for any spelling or punctuation errors. Make sure you have spelled witness and place names correctly. Remove any words that could be seen as subjective, unless they are witness reports. 4. 5 Turn in your report to the proper authorities. This could be either a superior officer or a policeman at a station.

Free Essays on The Influence Of Age,gender,extraversion And Experience On Performance Of Aspatial Computer Game.

The influence of age, gender, extraversion and experience on performance of a spatial computer game. Computer games are a popular pastime. Their Psychological impacts have recently become of interest to Psychologists. This is partly due to their nature, popularity and increasing accessibility via the internet. Over the current years, their Psychological impacts have received a rather negative evaluation. Links to aggression are particularly well documented. The general consensus here is games violent and aggressive in nature may facilitate the provocation of aggressive thoughts and possibly actions. (Frindte and Obwexer, 2003; Carnagey and Anderson, 2004; Uhlmann and Swanson, 2004 and Gentile, Lynch, Linder and Walsh, 2004). Recently, the more positive aspects of game playing have been highlighted. Experience of computer games has been suggested to influence the development of certain cognitive skills. For instance, McClurg and Chaille, (1987), reported participation in a computer based mental rotation task, significantly improved participants ability to successfully complete a spatial ability measure. Gender and age did not significantly influence this. More recently, a similar study found this improvement to be greater in participants who were previously classed as possessing relatively weak spatial skills. Gender was found not to influence this. (Subrahmanyam and Greenfield, 1994, cited in Cocking and Greenfield, 1996, p95-114). Both these findings suggest games incorporating spatial awareness may be educationally useful for developing these skills in those whose ability is poor. Yuji, (1996), investigated the effects of past game experience on parallel processing skills using a computer based discriminatory perceptual task. The reaction time of participants with a history of game use was significantly faster, particularly with regards to colour discrimination. Conclusions suggested ex... Free Essays on The Influence Of Age,gender,extraversion And Experience On Performance Of Aspatial Computer Game. Free Essays on The Influence Of Age,gender,extraversion And Experience On Performance Of Aspatial Computer Game. The influence of age, gender, extraversion and experience on performance of a spatial computer game. Computer games are a popular pastime. Their Psychological impacts have recently become of interest to Psychologists. This is partly due to their nature, popularity and increasing accessibility via the internet. Over the current years, their Psychological impacts have received a rather negative evaluation. Links to aggression are particularly well documented. The general consensus here is games violent and aggressive in nature may facilitate the provocation of aggressive thoughts and possibly actions. (Frindte and Obwexer, 2003; Carnagey and Anderson, 2004; Uhlmann and Swanson, 2004 and Gentile, Lynch, Linder and Walsh, 2004). Recently, the more positive aspects of game playing have been highlighted. Experience of computer games has been suggested to influence the development of certain cognitive skills. For instance, McClurg and Chaille, (1987), reported participation in a computer based mental rotation task, significantly improved participants ability to successfully complete a spatial ability measure. Gender and age did not significantly influence this. More recently, a similar study found this improvement to be greater in participants who were previously classed as possessing relatively weak spatial skills. Gender was found not to influence this. (Subrahmanyam and Greenfield, 1994, cited in Cocking and Greenfield, 1996, p95-114). Both these findings suggest games incorporating spatial awareness may be educationally useful for developing these skills in those whose ability is poor. Yuji, (1996), investigated the effects of past game experience on parallel processing skills using a computer based discriminatory perceptual task. The reaction time of participants with a history of game use was significantly faster, particularly with regards to colour discrimination. Conclusions suggested ex...

Amylase lab report Essays

Amylase lab report Essays Amylase lab report Paper Amylase lab report Paper Enzymes are very specific; for example, amylase is the only enzyme that will break down starch. It is similar to the theory of the lock and the key. The enzyme is the lock and the key is the substrate; only the correct key could fit into the keyhole of the lock. Porcine pancreatic amylase is The purpose of this lab experiment is to investigate factors that can affect the porcine pancreatic amylase enzyme activity in different environments such as the temperature, pH and also how being stored in extreme temperatures can affect the activity of the amylase. The activity of the amylase is going to be determined by the presence or absence of starch in the samples over time. There are some hypotheses on the Effects of temperature and pH; as I add the amylase to the starch in different temperatures the reactions rate increases in high temperatures; I believe that the amylase will work better. As the environment grows warmer, the amylase is going to become more energetic and more effective. Amylase is affected by environmental PH. Predict that the amylase activity will work best at a pH 7. As the pH changes from this point I predicted that the amylase activity is going to decrease and eventually stop. If I boiled and rose some amylase solution, and try to digest starch with at it at room temperature, I predict the previously-boiled and frozen amylase will not work quite as well as amylase that has not been previously boiled and frozen. Experiment #1: Investigating the Effect of Environmental Temperature on the Activity of Porcine Pancreatic Amylase Materials and Methods Amylase experiment #1 was done to see how the temperature affected the efficacy of the enzyme. First we collected all of the materials that were necessary to perform this experiment. We needed five clean test tubes, a test tube rack, a beaker of 1 % starch solution (pH 7. ), a test tube of porcine amylase solution which was previously prepared by mixing porcine pancreatic amylase powder with 0. 9% Nasal concentration to create an amylase concentration of 0. Magma/ ml, one I-ml pipette, one 5-ml pipette with pipette pump, five transfer pipettes, two spot plates, a bottle of iodine solution, a timer, one beaker half way filled with ice and a small amount of water, two thermometers, and three water baths each with a different temperature. In this experiment, we first labeled the test tubes. We then added 5-ml of 1% starch solution with a pH of 7. 0 to each of them. After each tube was filled, the first one was placed in the freezer at O degrees Celsius, the second one was placed in room temperature with a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, the third one was placed in warm water at 40 degrees Celsius, the fourth one was placed in hot water at 60 degrees Celsius, and fifth one was placed in extremely hot water at 80 degrees Celsius. Each test tube was then left in the selected place for ten minutes so that the starch solution could acclimate to its surrounding temperature. After ten minutes, we then used a 1 -ml pipette to add 0. Ml of the amylase mixture to each of the tubes and then the timer was set. After three minutes, we put 3 drops of the starch/amylase mixture from each of the five tubes into the spot plate, and then added two drops of iodine to each spot plate and noted the result. Iodine reacts with starch to change from yellow (not starch) to deep blue black in the presence of starch. After every three minutes had passed, these same steps were repeated, until 30 minutes had passed and noted all the result. Experiment #2: Investigating the Effect of Environmental pH on the Activity of Porcine Pancreatic Amylase Materials and Methods Amylase experiment # 2 was done to see how the pH affected the efficacy f the enzyme. First we collected all of the materials that were necessary to make this experiment. We needed five clean test tubes, the following standard solutions, 1% Starch Solution pH 3, 1% Starch Solution pH 5,1% Starch Solution pH 7,1% Starch Solution pH 9, 1% Starch Solution pH 11 0. 0375 MGM/ml Porcine Pancreatic Amylase Solution (amylase powder in 0. % Nasal ), Iodine Solution; each solution were pipettes into each of the 5 test tubes with 5 ml of 1% starch. Each tube contained a 1% starch solution with a different PH. All tubes were at room temperature. Room temperature was ICC. 0. 2 ml of porcine pancreatic amylase solution was then pipettes into each tube. A timer was started and every minutes the starch / amylase mixture were pipettes from each tube and pipettes into the spo t plate for every sample tube, then the iodine solution were added to a spot plate cell for each sample. Iodine reacts with starch to change from yellow to deep blue /black in the presence of starch. A lightening of the blue/ black to a brown color will occur as less starch is present. Results were reported as (+) for presence of starch in the sample or (-) for the absence of starch. After every three minute increment had passed, these same steps ere repeated, until 30 minutes had passed and all the results were noted. Experiment #3: Investigating the Effect of Freezing and of Boiling on the Activity of Porcine Pancreatic Amylase Materials and Methods Amylase experiment #3 was made to see if boiling or freezing the amylase would have an effect on the enzyme. For this experiment, we collected three clean test tubes, porcine pancreatic amylase solution, a test tube containing frozen amylase solution, two 600-ml beakers each containing 200-ml of room temperature water, a hot plate, two transfer pipettes, two spot plates, a bottle of iodine solution, First we took the frozen amylase solution out of the freezer and warmed it to room temp. Then we put about 0. Ml of amylase solution in a test tube and boiled it in at beaker for two minutes. Then we let the beakers sit in room temperature. We labeled each test tube, one boiled and the other frozen. We placed them in water and allowed them to sit for at least ten minutes until it cooled down to room temperature. Then we put 5-ml of starch solution pH 7. 0 in two test tubes and labeled them boiled amylase, or frozen amylase. We used a ml pipette to add 0. Ml of the boiled and frozen amylase solutions to their exceptive test tubes. The solutions were then thoroughly mixed together with a transfer pipette and the timer was set. After three minutes, we did the first test. We took out approximately three drops of starch/amylase solution from all two of the test tubes and put them on a spot plate into two separate wells. Then about two drops of iodine solution were added to each one. This same routine was repeated every three minute intervals until thirty minutes all together had passed. All of these tests were noted prior to each one. Discussion In the first experiment my hypothesis was that the amylase is going to work deter. As the environment gets warmer, and is going to become more active and get more effective. The amylase was put in different temperatures and the results were that amylase best works at a temperature near body temperature. While when the temperature starts decreasing to successes or increase to Celsius the amylase will work, but not at its 100 %, but when temperature reach Celsius or Celsius amylase dont work at all. The results of the experiments showed a significant effect of temperature on the amylase activity. The best temperature for porcine pancreatic amylase activity was ICC; it takes 6 min to gets the starch, as the temperature changed, the amylase activity decreased. When ICC was reached the amylase takes 12 min digesting the starch, also when ICC was reached the amylase took mini digesting the starch. Amylase is affected by environmental PH. I predict that the amylase activity will work best at pH 7. As the pH changes from this point I believe that the amylase activity is going to decrease and eventually stop. In experiment #2 the amylase was added into different pH to determine the optimum pH range. The result was that porcine pancreatic enzymes have best efficiency in the neutral pH 7 range, and does to work at its 100% potential at either between pH 9 and phi. The amylase did not work at all in extremely high or low pH such as phi and pH 11 . The results indicate that in pH 7 the enzyme works at its best. This can indicate that the amylase activity is optimal at pH ranges of the saliva and the small intestine. The two extreme pH values of pH 3 and pH 11 showed no amylase activity. This could be due to the anticipated competition at the enzyme active sites with increased hydrogen ion or hydroxide ion concentrations. Also the attraction of H or OH ions to the protein functional groups can alter the shape of the enzyme and thereby emit its activity. If I boiled or froze some amylase solution, and tried to digest starch with at it at room temperature, I predict the previously-boiled or frozen amylase will not work quite as well as amylase that has not been previously boiled or frozen. In experiment #3 the amylase activity was zero in the boiled sample. This confirms the prediction that freezing the amylase is not going to stop it from functioning, but is not going to work quite as well. In contrast the boiled sample results weakened my hypothesis because the amylase never showed any activity during the thirty min of the experiment. This can be imparted to the results in experiment #1 because amylase had no activity before being boiled, and neither when being in temperatures too high such as ICC.

Cutural psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cutural psychology - Essay Example All countries have not arrived at the same compromises in these respects, but global consensus is a pressing need. Variations in culture can distinguish nations from each other (Heine). The theocratic countries of the Middle East stand out in sharp contrast, with a dominant cultural form all of their own. It is not language, dress, and customs, which define culture entirely: the overwhelming predominance of one faith puts its own stamp on how people behave and interact with each other. The Hindu Kingdom of Nepal and the Vatican are other examples of cultural uniformity through faith within territorial boundaries, though they are marginal in the political equations between countries. There is little room for variations and minority expressions in such societies, for the pressures to conform are irresistible. People tend to be conservative, and much importance is attached to observing customs in the ways of ancestors. Individual rights recede in to the background, and faith is used to suppress even relatively minor dissent. There are strong moral undertones to regimentation in such countries. It would be unfair to blame organized religion for putting culture in straight jackets. Totalitarian states have the same effect, and even put religion down with heavy hands in order to establish the unitary authority of governance and ideology. Petty dictators and monarchs tend to strike some kind of understanding with religious authorities, but political establishments are not inclined to share power. The extent to which such bigotry was practiced by the erstwhile Soviet Union is not visible in the China of the 21st century, but the primacy of the State is essentially a Communist phenomenon. People with liberal minds may rejoice at the modern culture of Europe and the United States, given that individual freedom has such priority in these

Enlisting Open-Source Applications by U.S Department of Defense Case Study

Enlisting Open-Source Applications by U.S Department of Defense - Case Study Example Open-source software application is a recent technology which allows users of the web-based software to use, make modification to the source code, and distribute it. This paper looks at a case study of the implementation of this technology by the US Department of Defence.It assesses the security issues in the use of open-source software, as well as its pros and cons. The paper also evaluates the cultural changes required at DoD for the successive implementation of the system. The main security issues in the use of open-source software are those of ensuring confidentiality, availability and integrity of the information. Its use helps to reduce cost in addition to guaranteeing the user right to make modification to the software. Its implementation requires cultural change at the organization. Enlisting Open-Source Application by US Defence Department The US Department of Defence has contemplated to harness the benefits of open-source software. Open-source software is defined by Galliva n (2001, p. 281) as software which human-source readable source code is available for study, use, re-use, modification and redistribution by the users of the software. Having agreed that open-source software is similar to commercial software in almost all dimensions, DoD argues that it should be given an equal consideration when making a technology purchase decision. Open source software has a number of benefits that include a wide peer-review that can help to eliminate defects, exclusive modification rights that ensure speedy changes when needed and reduction in the cost. Open-source software allows for rapid prototyping. Despite its benefits, Department of Defence needs to be assured of the security of its information given the nature of the sensitive information the department handles. Security Issues To guarantee the Department of Defence the security of its data, several agencies have proposed measures to address this. The Defence Information System Agency (DISA) has issued ver sion two of software Forge to enable sharing of information and collaborative development of the software which is one way of ensuring security since the software developed will be tested to prevent any failure. This ensures stability of the software. Collaborative development helps to identify any problem that may occur and may have been foreseen by a single developer. They have also given a trial period to ensure that any problems with the software may be identified early before it is implemented for use by DoD. This is important since any failure of software after implementation could result in a disaster in case of data loss or unauthorised access. DISA has also introduced a closed computing-based version of Forge for classified environment, as seen in the case study. This is a measure to deal with security issue since some DoD information is usually classified and access to such information must be limited. Enlisting Open-Source Application Another security measure by DISA is i ts plan to add certificate services to Forge.mil to control access to information. Open-software Institute OSSI is also involved in licensing of where it has issued to different licences for government agencies and a free licence for learning institutions. From the case study, we learn that OSSI has copyrighted the software developed which is a move to protect the property rights of the team that developed the software. To increase security, I propose that Department of Defence uses both paid and volunteer reviewers to help identify any security flaws with the software, as proposed by Hoepman & Jacobs (2007, p. 81). This is important since paid reviewers may be able to unearth security flaws of the system rather than relying only on users. Advantages and Disadvantages of Open-Source Software Advantages The advantages of open-source software to a large organization presuppose that everyone has a right to change the source code