PESTAL for china airlines Essay Example for Free

PESTAL for china airlines Essay PESTLE analysis would be used in order to figure out external macro environment of China Airlines. by examining political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental issues and trends of Taiwan within 1959 and 2009 time period. http://www. oxlearn. com/arg_Marketing-Resources-PESTLEMacro-Environmental-Analysis_11_31 Political Republic of China was established in 1911 and took under its control territory of China. After World War 2 it took Taiwan Island, which earlier belonged to Japan. However, during Civil War Republic of China lost its power and had to settle down in Taiwan. But it did not want to be under control of People’s Republic of China, moreover, it maintained that it was the valid government of Taiwan and mainland China as well. So, the relations between mainland China and Taiwan were frozen until 2007. Things became worth, when United Nations (UN) officially accepted the communist People’s Republic of China as Taiwan’s government. First, it lost its membership in International Civil Aviation Organization. (Why it was important? What caused? ). Also, due to the tight political relationships of People’s Republic of China with some countries, CAL lost international carrier contracts with Japan, Malaysia, Korea, Canada and Australia. One more example of political tension between Taiwan and mainland China happened when China Airlines accused mainland China of internationally attacking the plane with the missile. In 1991, CAL had to enter into joint venture with Koos Development Corporation and form Mandarin Airlines, in order to have an opportunity to operate in Canada and Australia. The other wise decision was to rebrand the company. There was a Republic of China’s national flag on the symbol of CAL at the beginning. First, it could seem that CAL supports ROC, and trying to participate in political dissension and it can cause resentment from the civilian population, secondly, it might countries which sympathize PRC or countries which wanted to keep neutrality. So, in order to avoid the influence of political situation of Taiwan on the airline as much as it is possible, CAL decided to change its symbol into pink plum blossoms and create new slogan-â€Å"blossom every day†. Thus, neutral brand image helped CAL to cooperate with several European cities as Amsterdam, Rome, Frankfurt and Vienna. Only in 2008, when Ma Ying-jeou became the president of Taiwan, significant steps on improvement of relationships between mainland China and Taiwan were taken. Improvement of the political situation positively influenced CAL. Eight Taiwan and five mainland China’s airports opened for flight operations. This helped to minimize the flight time of CAL carriers, which caused the reduction of operational costs and increase in passenger flow due to the direct flights, which were undoubtedly cheaper than traveling by transit. Eleven airlines from mainland China and Taiwan started to operate 18 flights in each direction, be October 2008. Good political relationships with mainland China allowed CAL to enter into agreements with Chinese airlines. It agreed with China Cargo Airlines and China Southern Airlines to exchange cargo space, which produced win-win outcomes for all three airlines (ann rep, 2008), besides, CAL got an opportunity to join SkyTeam alliance. (Which what). CAL started to cooperate with Chunghwa Post Co. in delivery of daily mail and postal goods to China. Expanded cross-strait flight agreement, signed on April 2009, allowed to increase passenger flights from 108 in 2008 to 270, and cargo flights from 30 in 2008 to 112 return services per month in 2009. CAL started 55 scheduled direct flights to 13 cities in mainland China. However, improvement of the political situation with mainland China and opening cross-strait routs allowed expansion not only for CAL, but for Chinese airlines as well, which means that CAL experienced strong competition. From the low cost mainland China airlines. Economic The Chirman of China Airlines Philip Wei states that â€Å"about 1 million of Taiwanese business people doing business in China. They constantly go back and forth between the two sides†. The other point is that, when people have jobs, they have money, wich they can spend on flights. Thus, unemployment rate of Taiwan is directly correlated with the passenger flow. National Statistics, Republic of China reports that starting from the 1978 to 2010 unemployment in Taiwan had an upward trend, http://www. tradingeconomics. com/taiwan/unemployment-rate, and the averageunemployment within this period was 2. 95 %. unemployment in Taiwan within this period reached its highest point in 2009 and lowest in 1981, which accounted for 6. 13% and 0. 86% respectively. In general unemployment rate of Taiwan had an upward trend, which means that, first, less and less people had an opportunity to travel by plane, because of absence of work and as a result absence of money; and second, less people are doing business in China and travel there. So, it can be said that unemployment rate of Taiwan within 1978-2010 time period negatively influenced airline businesses as a result China Airline Ltd. Despite the fact that political situaion and unemployment rate of Taiwan was not positive GDP of Taiwan during 1950-2010 had an upward going trand. An average economic growth of Taiwan over 1950-2010 was 8,10%, http://brage. bibsys. no/nhh/bitstream/URN:NBN:no-bibsys_brage_23799/1/Braaten%202010. pdf, during almost the half of the century Taiwan transformed from having a poor, agrarian to a developed economy. It can be seen from figure 2, that Taiwan’s growth rates exceed world economy almost in all years within 1951-1999 time period, however, in 1973 and 1979 it dropped dramatically, mainly because of the oil price shocks. As it was mentioned in the case, rising profits of CAL were paused because of oil crisis in 1973. However, oil shocks negatively influenced not only CAL, but the whole Taiwan. Increase in price for oil, deceased the revenue for airlines, because it can be seen from the financial statistics that operating revenues minus operating expenses give operating profits of the company. Increase of price for fuel increase operating expenses of CAL and other airlines, thus, reducing operating profits. And taxes for government are taken from the operating profits, which means that the less CAL got in operating profit, the less amount of money could be got from tax. Annual report of CAL in 2009 defines that in recent years aviation again suffered from the rising of fuel prices (Annual rep. 2009). For instance, in 2007 when competitors from mainland China presented profits, CAL suffered from loss of NT$2. 52billion due to the increasing costs for fuel and certain situational factors (Ann rep. 2007). Social Since the establishment of CAL in 1959, population of Taiwan had grown to 23000000 people by 2010 (figure 1), which means that potential market for sale had also grown. http://www. iatss. or. jp/common/pdf/en/iatss/composition/7CountriesReport_en_03Taiwan. pdf The more people in the country the better for the companies, because there are more chances to gain profits when population accounts for the 23000000 (figure 3), than when it is 15927167as it was in 1974 (http://www. iatss. or. jp/common/pdf/en/iatss/composition/7CountriesReport_en_03Taiwan. pdf) Life expectancy of Taiwanese citizens increased as well (figure 5), for instance, the average life expectancy of Taiwanese person reached for 78. 15 years by 2010. http://www. indexmundi. com/g/g. aspx? c=twv=30 This means that the number of retired people had increased. Most often, people in retirement spent their time for leisure, traveling. (find what old taiwaneese do) That is why; people in retirement are potential clients for CAL. On the other hand, there was a decrease in birth rate (http://uk. reuters. com/article/2010/04/02/us-taiwan-economy-birthrate-idUKTRE6310LD20100402 ). High per cent of retired citizens in accordance with the small birth rate meant that there were little workforce in Taiwan, so, the cost for labour increased with the increase in life expectancy rate and decrease in birth rate. Besides, it can influence not only workforce of the country, but the brainpower. Old people are less able for innovations, for development of new abilities, concentration is also, lower , than young generation. From this point of view, company could experience difficulties with the workforce for the company. CAL is actively involved in charity programs, mainly to support children, indigent families and young students (Ann. rep 2009). For instance, in 2009 CAL and the ROC Red Cross Society held fund-raising activity called â€Å"Making Dreams Come True†. China Airlines donated more than NT$1. 39 million, obtained from in-flight duty-free sales, to support poor families and subsidize living cost of young students (Ann rep 2009). Such actions tiny, but help to increase the level of life of Taiwanese, and indirectly can influence increase in number of educated people in the country, which is important for CAL itself, because it is a huge company, which need a lot of qualified employees. http://www. everyculture. com/Sa-Th/Taiwan. html Taiwan has diversified culture, †¦ CAL always tried to support cultural heritage and share it with other nationalities. That is why, CAL involve itself in social-benefit activities, helps to promote tourism, culture, arts and sports events (Ann. Rep 2009). For example, in 2009 CAL in accordance with Taiwan’s biggest bicycle brand, named Giant, promoted the â€Å"Cycling Paradise Taiwan† campaign in order to attract overseas travelers and share warm friendship of Taiwanese people and their diverse culture (Ann rep 2009). Moreover, Taiwanese government launched a project on increase of the number of tourists in the country (ann rep, 2007). China Airlines actively support this project and offers its resources to attract international tourists and media. (ann rep, 2007). This social involvement of CAL, beneficial for both: government and the company itself, because on the one hand, the flow of tourist can increase the GDP of the country, as they are potential on the other hand, tourists are potential clients of CAL, and the more number of tourist visit the county, the higher can be profits if CAL. It, also, support sport events, than as well can increase tourism in the country, which beneficial for CAL (ann rep 2007). Technological Much of Taiwan’s achievement in science and technology is attributable to public support for applied scientific development. Government-sponsored agencies, such as the Industrial Technology Research Institute and the National Applied Research Laboratories, have played important roles in advancing Taiwan’s scientific and technological development by conducting research, aiding RD in the private sector and exploring new technologies. To maintain Taiwan’s competitive edge in information technology, the government, industry and universities are active in efforts to develop cloud computing by rolling out new designs and supporting the creation of a Taiwan Cloud Valley For many years, Taiwan has ranked among the top five countries for the number of patents issued by the U. S. Patent and Trademark Office. It was the No. 3 recipient of all types of U. S. patents over the period 1977 to 2011. In terms of output of scientific papers, Taiwan ranked 16th worldwide in 2010 for the number of papers published in journals tracked in Thomson Reuters’ Science Citation Index, and ninth for those published in journals tracked in the organization’s Engineering Index. CAL owns world biggest-capacity 120000 pound engine test cell which allows maintaining its own aircraft engines and those of other aerospace companies and airline fleets in East Asia. Additionally, it is valuable and well organized because it shortens maintenance time, improves quality and helps with the recruitment of clients and the reduction of flight safety costs. The latest technology and high cost make this resource rare and hard to imitate. One more technological invention added by CAL is located at the High-Speed Rail Taoyuan Station. It offers flight check-in, baggage check-in and boarding pass insurance, which saves passenger’s time and relieves from lugging his/her baggage around. Besides, it provides 25% discount on the rail ticket, which is purchased together with CAL ticket. First of all this resource provides travelers with insurance, discount on tickets and convenience while making check-in if they have heavy luggage. Secondly, it is rare, as no other Taiwanese company can offer such service to their customers. Thirdly, it is difficult to copy this resource as other companies will have to make contract with such train stations in order to cooperate with them and finally it will be costly. Concerning organizational part of VRIO framework, this process is planned and well organized. http://www. ey. gov. tw/en/cp. aspx? n=437415b51c1b5b5a Environmental With the high development of Taiwan, it suffers big environmental problems. With the beginning of usage of mountain resources of Taiwan, it started to suffer from pollution of water, soil erosion, landslides, forest fires, sedimentation of reservoirs. (http://twgeog. geo. ntnu. edu. tw/english/environment/environment_problems. htm ) Airline business seriously pollutes the environment, because plains need a lot of fuel, and the testing machines and other equipment also, bring damage to the environment. Big cities as Taipei and Kaohsiung mostly suffer from

Ways To Lead Healthy Lifestyle :: Health, Exercise

One way to lead a healthy lifestyle is by doing exercise regularly. When do an exercise, our body will be fresh. The example of exercise that we can do is by jogging. To get a healthy lifestyle, we need to jog at lease thirty to sixty minutes every three times a week (Miksak, 2008). Jogging can increase our metabolism and burns some calories, so that loss weight can be attainable. Beside that, by trying to jog each day, speed walking the next, or hitting up at the local gym and see what fun classes are offered, perhaps a comforting yoga class or an intense cycle class can also increase our metabolism and burns some calories (Miksak, 2008). Other than that, by leading a good stamina it can develop our capability to work throughout the day and the same can help to lead an eneretic life. Besides jogging, we can swim at lake, sea, river or pool as the cause of water is the same. Beside that, swimming is suitable for everyone especially who are obese, pregnent, and people with leg or low er back problems. Another ways, we also must taking a good eating habit in our daily life such as taking a balance diet and drinking water at least eight glass per days. By taking a balanced diet, we can decrease some of risk of our health like heart attack and stroke (Miksak, 2008). The example of healthy balanced diet are consisted of food high in lean protein, like fish, chicken, eggs beans and dairy products. Fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and mineral such as calcium, iron, and potassium are also significant to our balanced diet (Miksak, 2008). According to Miksak (2008), Avacados are also good for our skin and hair. Other than that, by eating extra virgin omega 3 fatty can also produce a healthy fats which is can foundd in fish like salmon. Futhermore, by drinking more water, it can reduce toxin and excess bloating (Homan, 2010). Besides that, water will make our body always hydrate to work more effectively (Homan, 2010). By drinking water regularly, nutrients and oxygen can be transfer into cel ls and can regulate our body temperature. The other way to lead us to a healthy lifestyle is by getting enough sleep. According to Miksak (2008), as normal human beings, we must sleep at least eight hours per day. Sleeping is one of the important aspects to lead us to get a healthy lifestyle (Miksak, 2008).

Lorex Pharmeceuticals

Overview After reviewing your request, Cougar Consulting performed an analysis to assist Lorex Pharmaceuticals in determining a target fill rate for Linatol. The target fill that we selected is intended to maximize expected contribution during the manufacturing process and was based on information contained in a report given to Cougar Consulting. The analysis that we performed is described in further detail. Current Situation Even though the automatic filling mechanism used for production can be set to a specific target fill, the information we obtained about Linatol suggested inconsistencies in the fill amount during operations.Since revenues and specific variable costs of Linatol are directly affected by fill amounts and contribution is the difference of these costs subtracted from revenue, ultimately, contribution is affected by the inconsistent fill amounts. Once we establish how these revenues and costs are affected by the fill amounts, we need to determine how the filling mecha nism will function when set at a specific target fill. These understandings will give us the information required to figure a target fill that maximizes contribution for Linatol.Revenue Before we established a method to determine how the filling mechanism functioned at a specific target fill, we had to consider how the target fill affected the revenues and the variable costs when calculating contribution. Starting with revenue, we learned from the report that the bottles filled at or above 10 ounces would sell on the commercial market for $186 per case. On the other hand, bottles filled below the advertised 10 ounces would be sold for government use at $148. 80 per case and are referred to as â€Å"seconds. From this information, we created a formula (Figure 1) that calculated the revenue per case as a weighted average. The relationship between revenue and target fill is shown graphically in Attachment 1 Figure 1 Revenue = (% commercial) $186/case + (% seconds) $148. 80/case Costs As previously mentioned, calculating contribution for Linatol consists of subtracting specific variable costs from revenue. The variable costs related to target fill were found in the Projected Operating Profit exhibit provided to Cougar Consulting.The first cost we determined for calculating contribution was the blending direct labor and active ingredients. To use this cost in calculating contribution, we divided the sum of these two costs by the total batch volume. The rounded cost of this calculation equaled $0. 4027 per ounce, and its positive linear relation to the fill amount is graphically shown in Attachment 2. In other words, the cost increases per unit as the fill amount increases per unit.Another cost needed to calculate expected contribution consisted of an additional cost associated from the number of seconds produced by the automatic filling mechanism. This additional cost is a result from the special packaging required by seconds and is figured from dividing the labor rate by the number of cases the laborer can package in an hour. This cost equals $0. 7083 per case and diminishes as the fill amounts increase because a higher target fill results in less seconds produced. This relationship is shown as a graph in Attachment 3.Since the cost associated for all cases is calculated in ounces, this unit was changed to cases by multiplying the cost by 12 bottles per case and a target fill amount in ounces per bottle. The additional cost per case from packaging seconds was figured by multiplying this cost by the probability of seconds created from the filling machine. This calculation will create an additional cost per case based on the number of seconds produced. The formula in Figure 2 was used to calculate costs. Figure 2 Costs = (12 bottles/case*target fill (oz)/bottle*$0. 027/oz) + (% of seconds) $0. 70833/case Statistical Survey Before we could determine a target fill to use for calculating maximum expected contribution, we needed to determine the probability of seconds produced by the automatic filling machine at different target fills. The best method we had to determine this probability came from the sample results provided in the Filling-Line Test performed by Lorex. These test results were found in Exhibit 2 from the provided report and allowed us to determine the probability of seconds produced at any target fill.Assuming these samples were chosen truly at random and each sample was independent from one another, the sample data was analyzed and found to be very evenly distributed meaning the fill amounts precisely varied above and below the mean and median of the data set. In fact, the sample fill amounts were so evenly distributed that we could use a statistical method to determine the probability of seconds produce by the mechanism set at a specific target fill amount. For example, with a target fill amount set at 10. 2 ounces, the method used figures that 10. 6% of the bottles will be filled less than 10 ounces, and the rest will be filled at volume suitable for commercial retail. Based on this statistical method, we created a graph (Attachment 4) to show the probability of seconds produced as the target fill amount increased. Calculating Contribution Since we found a method to determine the probability of seconds that will be produced based on the target fill amount, we can determine a target fill that maximizes expected contribution per case because we have formulas for revenue and costs based on the expected production of seconds.The completed formula is shown below as Figure 3. Figure 3 Contribution = (% commercial) $186/case + (% seconds) $148. 80/case – (12 bottles/case*target fill (oz)/bottle*$0. 4027/oz) + (% of seconds) $0. 70833/case Results The contribution formula in Figure 3 was used to determine the target fill that maximized contribution based on the probability of seconds produced. A chart was created below as Figure 4 using the formula to figure contribution at different target fills.The target fill that created the highest contribution value per case is the target fill the mechanism should be set at to maximize contribution. Attachment 5 shows the relationship between contribution per case and the target fill graphically. The graph and chart both demonstrates that the target fill should be set at 10. 4 ounces to maximize contribution. Figure 4 Target Fill (oz)Probability of Seconds Probability of CommercialContribution Per Case 912. 0523E-10$104. 60 9. 10. 999999999. 2754E-09$104. 12 9. 20. 999999712. 8665E-07$103. 63 9. 30. 999993936. 0716E-06$103. 5 9. 40. 999911588. 8417E-05$102. 67 9. 50. 999110970. 00088903$102. 22 9. 60. 993790330. 00620967$101. 93 9. 70. 969603640. 03039636$102. 37 9. 80. 894350230. 10564977$104. 74 9. 90. 734014470. 26598553$110. 33 100. 50. 5$118. 72 10. 10. 265985530. 73401447$127. 11 10. 20. 105649770. 89435023$132. 70 10. 30. 030396360. 96960364$135. 07 10. 40. 006209670. 99379033$135. 51 10. 50. 000889030. 99911097$13 5. 22 10. 68. 8417E-050. 99991158$134. 77 10. 76. 0716E-060. 99999393$134. 29 10. 82. 8665E-070. 99999971$133. 81 10. 99. 2754E-090. 99999999$133. 33 112. 0523E-101$132. 84Closing The results of this analysis were based on the data results from the Filling-Line Test and only apply if the filling mechanism performs consistent with these results. To ensure the filling mechanism is performing consistently with the data used for this analysis, we recommend that Lorex performs a frequent Filling-Line Test. If the data from a more recent test varies from the data used in this analysis, we also recommend that Lorex requests another analysis to be performed by Cougar Consulting to determine a new target fill that maximizes contribution for Linatol.

The Cuban National Hero Jose Marti, A Precursor Of Latin...

Within this essay I am going to compare and contrast two rather different nationalist ideas that prevailed in Latin America during the nineteenth century. My concentration in this comparison is on how ethnicity and race are illustrated. The first nationalist thinker whose ideas I intent to discuss is the Cuban national hero Josà © Martà ­, a precursor of Latin American modernism. I will contrast Martà ­Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s ideas and writings with the Peruvian journalist and political philosopher Josà © Carlos Marià ¡tegui, the representative and advocator of twentieth century Latin American Marxist ideas. There are some similarities between the offered social solutions between these authors: mainly their rejection of imported models of society and politics. However, within this essay I am arguing that the humanistic points of view between them have little in common. Whereas Martà ­ promotes acceptance of all people and all races, and considers all people equal to each other, Marià ¡tegui , despite claiming to be racially indifferent and accepting, in fact reveals racist and discriminating arguments that undermine his claimed acceptance and embracement of the different races of America. To support my argument, I will be offering relevant examples from both authors’ most famous publications, Martà ­Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s ‘Nuestra Amà ©rica’ and ‘Mi Raza’, and Marià ¡tegui’s ‘Siete ensayos de interpretacià ³n sobre la realidad peruana’, and ‘El problema de las razas en Amà ©rica Latina’. Marià ¡tegui’s ideology is strongly tied to the